

r > 








♦ 



A 











'^.^ o^^^sa"» ^„^ -Mm>„\ <*w 



v-o^ 




'bV 





a^ 



<r. 





oV 




^ ^ /^ 

at" O *^ 

> V » * • °- c\ 

■ **. A^ *',K\W/k % *, 




i* A 













• • - • ' * V °^ ' • • 1 " 



,v 








v 



^b v* :*i 




Ul2-6ZZ(fr2Z) , 

99091 Vd 'dmsuMOi XjjaquBJQ 

8-aijq vpej uosujogi m, 3 Ai 

NOIlVA«3S3Ud H3dVd Nl H30V31 OIUOM V 

S9sBo]ouLj3eiuG8|eAjaseJd j] 






IQQZ AOH :bibq lueujieaji '*f* ,\ <> 

apixo mn!seu6BiAj :jua6e 6uizi|BJinai\| ' <A *<* 

ssaoojd jadaa^oog am 6uisn pewppeao ,-&. t • ^IsSL* ^ «f> 



cr 



*bV 




•1 O » s^^^^Us??^ * ,0-7- • J^ILW^v, * 4 o 




REFERENCE HANDBOOK 

OF 

ROMAN HISTORY 

From the Earliest Times to the Death of Commodus 

753 B.C.— 192 A.D. 




LIBRARY METH 

() 
V 

FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES 



BY 



CAROLINE W. TRASK 



BOSTON 
LEE AND SHEPARD PUBLISHERS 



IO MILK STREET 



189s 






*' 






Copyright, 1895, by Lef. and Shepard 



All Rights Reserved 



Reference Handbook of Roman History 



PREFATORY NOTE TO TEACHERS 



The accompanying work is the outcome of several years of 
experience and experiment in the teaching of History. 

The frequent complaint, " I donH like History, 11 led to discard- 
ing the old method of assigning a uniform lesson from a single 
text-book, with its brief outline of important events. 

Mommsen's four-volume " History of Rome, 11 Philip Smith's 
three-volume " History of the World, 11 and two or three brief 
school text-books by different authors, were placed upon the 
teacher's desk. Several topics were written on the blackboard, and 
the class told to look them up in any of the aforesaid books. The 
inability of the young pupil to use a library became at once appar- 
ent. He could not find his way among the multitude of minor 
details and side issues in the more elaborate works. Thus, learning 
to use books became a practical part of the advantage in this 
method. To avoid unnecessary discouragement attendant on this 
experience, the teacher added to the topics the volume, and later, 
the pages, on which the essentials of the subject were to be found. 

The topics are arranged, so far as possible, in a chronological 
order; but when unity of subject has occasionally demanded it, 
chronology has been sacrificed to logic. 

Experience has proved the benefit of having the topics memor- 
ized in the order given, as the pupil thus gets in mind a ready 
abstract of the chief events in their historical sequence. 

Pupils should be encouraged to vary the authorities consulted, 
while the teacher will need to guard against the tendency of the 
laggard to use always the same book, and that the briefest in the 
library. 

3 



4 Prefatory Note to Teachers 

The progressive outline map should constantly accompany this 
work, and be filled in as fast as each new place of historical impor- 
tance is mentioned. Heath & Co., of Boston, publish a series 
admirably fitted for this work. 

Historical essays on important characters and events are also an 
essential, and serve to elaborate some points not dwelt upon in 
class, as well as to bring out the results of the class discussions. 
The following from the " Report of the Committee of Ten " indi- 
cates the consensus of opinion among the leading educators of the 
country upon this point : — 

Resolution 23 : That the teaching of History should be intimately connected 
with the teaching of English ... by writing English compositions on sub- 
jects drawn from the historical lessons. 

A little encouragement in stating personal views upon disputed 
questions proves very helpful in stimulating the more independent 
minds to eager reading, and often changes the recitation into an 
animated and helpful debate. 

The advantages of the library method thus become evident in the 
greater breadth of view obtained by reading different, and some- 
times opposing, authorities ; in the increased interest of the class ; 
in the desire to discuss what the various authorities have to say ; in 
the ambition to add items of interest which each has gleaned from 
his own special source ; and, not least of all, an acquaintance with 
the use of books, that is not to be despised. 

The complete list of books here referred to is by no means neces- 
sary, as an excellent beginning could be made with the following 
minimum library : — 

Mommsen : History of Rome, 4 vols. 

Smith : History of the World, 3 vols. 

Merivale : History of the Romans under the Empire, 7 vols. 

Merivale : General History of Rome. 

Leighton": History of Rome. 

Where the school appropriation is not sufficient, a school enter- 
tainment or lecture course can frequently add materially to the 



Prefatory Note to Teachers 5 

library fund, and help secure not only the more important histories, 
but also historical novels, which are especially valuable in present- 
ing graphic pictures of the times described. 

The books here referred to are by no means the only authori- 
ties, though intended to include the principal ones on the subject 
in hand. 

As the paging of different editions of the same work varies mate- 
rially, it is important that any one intending to use the histories as 
paged in this pamphlet have the same edition. The name of firm 
and date of publication has accordingly been specified in the accom- 
panying complete list of books referred to. 

C. W. T. 



BOOKS REFERRED TO IN THIS VOLUME 



Allen, Wm. F. . 
Arnold, Thomas 
Beesly, A. H. 
Bulfinch . . . 
Bury, J. B. . . 



Capes, W. W. 

Dennie, John 
Dodge, T. A. 
Florus . . 



A Short History of the Roman People. 

Ginn & Co. Boston. 1890. 
History of Rome. Three volumes in one. 

D. Appleton & Co. 1884. New York. 
The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla. Epoch Series. 

Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1887. 
Age of Fable. 

Lee & Shepard. Boston. 1894. 
History of the Roman Empire to Death of Marcus Aure- 
lius. Students' Series. 

Harper & Brothers. 1893. 
The Early Empire. The Age of the Antonines. Epoch 
Series. 

Charles Scribner's Sons. 1891 and 1893. 
Rome of To-day and Yesterday. 

Estes & Lauriat. Boston. 1894. 
Hannibal. Great Captains Series. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 



Boston. 1893. 
Translated by J. S. Watson. Harpers' Classical Library. 



New York. 18 



Froude, James Anthony 
Gilman, Arthur . 
Ihne, Wilhelm . 
Ihne, Wilhelm . 
Lanciani, Rodolfo 



Harper & Brothers. 
Caesar : A sketch. 

Charles Scribner's Sons. 
Story of the Nations, Rome. 

G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 
History of Rome: five-volume edition. 

Longmans, Green & Co. 
Early Rome. Epoch Series. 

Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 
Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Excavations. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1SS9. 

7 



New York. 
1SS9. 
London. 1871 



S92. 



8 



Books Referred to in this Volume 



Leighton, Robert . 
Liddell, H. G. . . 

Merivale, Chas. . . 
Merivale, Chas. . . 
Merivale, Chas. 
Merivale, Chas. 
Mommsen, Theodor 
Myers, P. V. N. 
Pennell, R. F. . 
Plutarch's Lives 
Shepard,William 
Sheldon, M. D. . 
Shuckburgh, Evelyn 
Shumway, E. S. . 
Smith, R. B. 
Smith, William 
Smith, Philip . . 

Yonge, CM. 



History of Rome. 

Maynard, Merrill & Co. New York. 1891. 
History of Rome to the Establishment of the Empire. 
Students' Series. 

Harper & Brothers. New York. 1887. 
History of the Romans under the Empire. 

D. Appleton & Co. New York. 1887. 
General History of Rome. Students' Series. 

Harper & Brothers. New York. 1892. 
The Roman Triumvirates. Epoch Series. 

Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1887. 
School History of Rome, or Smaller History of Rome. 

Harper & Brothers. New York. 1878. 
History of Rome. Translated by Dickson. 4 vols. 

Chables Scribner's Sons. New York. 1886. 
History of Rome for Colleges and High Schools. 

Ginn & Co. Boston. 1890. 
Ancient Rome. 

Allyn & Bacon. Boston. 1890. 
Translated by Stewart and Long. 4 vols. 

George Bell & Sons. London. 1883. 
Our Young Folks' History of the Roman Empire. 

J. B. Lippincott Company. Philadelphia. 1886. 
Studies in General History. 

D. C. Heath & Co. Boston. 1887. 
Shirley. History of Rome to the Battle of Actium. 

Macmillan & Co. New York. 1894. 
A Day in Ancient Rome. 

D. C. Heath & Co. Boston. 1887. 
Rome and Carthage. Epoch Series. 

Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. 1889. 
A Smaller History of Rome. 

Harper & Brothers. New York. 1893. 
A History of the World to the Fall of the Western Ro- 
man Empire : 3 vols. 

D. Appleton & Co. New York. 1885. 
Young Folks' History of Rome. 

Estes & Lauriat. Boston. 



ROMAN HISTORY 



REGAL PERIOD SEVEN KINGS 



753 B.C. — 510 B.C. 243 years 



Beginnings of 
Rome 753 B.C. 

Alban Rome was clearly 
a robber-city, yet we 
do not know it to 
have beeti stained with 
blood-thirsty treach- 
ery. — Newman. 

There were nine Romes 
before Rome. — A m- 



Sheldon 129-132 Pennell 5-17 Myers 1-20 



f Allen, 10-13, 16-18. 
Arnold, 8-10. 
Dennie, 28-33. 
Dodge, 35, 36. 
Florus, Bk. i. ch. viii. 
Ihne, i. 108, 109. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 3, 4, 6-9. 
Lanciani, 33-38. 
Leighton, 13-16. 
Liddell, 19, 20. 
Merivale, Geml Hist., 36-38. 
Merivale, Sh. Hists., 13-16. 
Mommsen, i. 70, 71, J^, 74, 76-78. 
Shuckburgh, 23-26, 28. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 7, 8. 
Smith, World, ii. 169-171. 



The Patriarchal 
Household 



A father shall have a right - 
of life and death over 
all his lawful children, 
and also of selling 
them. — Law of the 
Twelve Tables. 



{ Allen, 18. 
Froude, 10. 
Ihne, i. 112. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 25, 26. 
Liddell, 399, 400. 
Mommsen, i. 88-93. 
Myers, 215. 
Shuckburgh, 92. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Patria 
Potestas. 1 ' 



IO 



Roman History 



The Gentile 
System 

Even the way of think- 
ing and the character 
of a Roman seemed 
differently colored ac- 
cording to the house 
to which he belonged. 
— Ihne. 



Clients 



Plebeians 



Allen, 18, 21, 22. 

Arnold, 11, 12. 

Ihne, i. 112-114. 

Liddell, 41, 42. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 60. 

Mommsen, i. 93, 94. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Gens."' 

Smith, World, ii. 160 and note. 

r Allen, 20. 
Arnold, 11 
Ihne, i. no. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 115. 
Leighton, 20. 
Liddell, 29, 41. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 60. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 34. 
Mommsen, i. 94, 95, 256, ii. 406, 407. 
Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, " Chens. 1 ' 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 12. 
Smith, World, ii. 161, 162, 172. 

f Allen, 21. 

Arnold, 11. 

Ihne, i. 47, 109. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 114, 115. 

Leighton, 21. 

Liddell, 42-44. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 61. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 36. 

Mommsen, i. 130, 131. 

Shuckburgh, 44, 90, 91. 
I Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, "Plebes. 11 



r Allen, [9. 
Arnold, 12. 
Gil man, 28. 
Ihne, i. 114-117. 
Early Constitution I Ihne, Early Rome, 
114. 
Leighton, 18-21. 
Liddell, 28-30. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist. 



104, 105, 108-111, ni- 



60, 61. 



Regal Period Seven Kings 



II 



Romulus 

Hail ! foster-child of the 
wondrous nurse, 

Hail I son of the won- 
drous sire ! " 

Macaulay. 



{Merivale, Sh. Hist., 33-36. 
Mommsen, i. 96-101, no, in, 113-1*5. 
Shuckburgh, 202, 203. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 12. 
.Smith, World, ii. 160, 161. 

Allen, 14, 15. 

Arnold, 2-5. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. i. 

Gilman, 11-13, 16-28. 

Ihne, i. 8-14. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 32-38. 

Leighton, 26-29. 

Liddell, 21-28. 

Macaulay, "Lays 11 (Prophecy of Capys) . 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 48-50. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 21-23. 

Plutarch, i. Romulus. 

Shuckburgh, 22, 23, 31-35. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 8-12. 

Smith, World, ii. 158, 162, 163. 

Yonge, 31-38. 

("Allen, 15. 
Arnold, 5, 6. 
Dennie, 34. 
Florus, Bk. i. ch. ii. 
Gilman, 29-33. 
Ihne, i. 28-31, 33, 34. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 38-41. 
Leighton, 30. 
Liddell, 30-32. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 51. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 23, 24. 
Plutarch, i. Numa Pompilius. 
Shuckburgh, 35, 36. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 12, 13. 
Smith, World, ii. 164, 166. 
Yonge, 39-41. 

( Allen, 22-28. 
J Arnold, 23. 
"i Bulfmch, 15-17, 3 2 3-33°- 
\ Froude, 10. 



Numa Pompilius 



Roman Religion 

Not a matter of feeling 
or speculation, but of 
law. — Ihne y iv. 7. 



12 



Roman History 



Roman Religion 

{Continued.) 



Tullus Hostilius 



Curia Hostilia 



f Gilman, 312-318, 326-332. 

Ihne, i. 29, 30, 117-119. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 92-104. 

Leighton, 33-44. 

Liddell, 400-402. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 45, 46. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 20. 

Mommsen, i. 223-227. 

Shuckburgh, 404-407, 520, 521. 

Smith, World, ii. 164, 165. 
V Yonge, 16-19. 

Allen, 15, 17. 

Arnold, 6-8. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. iii. 

Gilman, 33-37. 

Ihne, i. 35-38. 

Ihne, Early Rome, -41-45. 

Leighton, 30. 

Liddell, 33-36. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 51, 52. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 24, 25. 

Shuckburgh, 36-39. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 13, 14. 

Smith, World, ii. 177-182. 

Yonge, 41-43. 

Liddell, 36. 

Mommsen, i. 157, 158. 

Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, 

Smith, World, ii. 182. 



; Curia. 



Ancus Martius 



Allen, 15. 

Arnold, 8. 

Dennie, 34, 35. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. iv. 

Gilman, 37, 38. 

Ihne, i. 43. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 45-47. 

Leighton, 30. 

Liddell, 36, 37. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 52. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 25. 



Regal Period 



Seven Kings 



13 



Ancus Martius 

(Continued.) 

Mamertine Prison 

Nothing from ancient 
Rome remains so 
nearly the same that 
its builders left it, as 
this Mamertine Prison, 
for unless an earth- 
quake should rend it 
in sunder, the appal- 
ling simplicity of its 
structure makes it 
proof against all 
changes. — Dennie, 35. 



Tarquinius 
Priscus 

" The founder of the sub- 
sequent architectural 
splendor of Rome." 



Temple of Jupiter 
Capitolinus 



Shuckburgh, 39, 40. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 14, 15. 
Smith, World, ii. 182, 183. 



Dennie, 35-37. 

Liddell, 36. 

Merivale, GenM Hist., 660. 

Shu m way, 21-24. 

Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, " Career." 



f Allen, 15, 29, 30. 

Arnold, 15, 16. 

Dennie, 38-40. 

Florus, Bk. i. eh. v. 

Gilman, 39-47. 

Ihne, i. 51-53, 58. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 46-51. 

Leighton, 21, 30. 

Liddell, 38-46. 

Merivale, Gen"l Hist., 53, 54. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 25, 26. 

Mommsen, i. 174. 

Shuckburgh, 40-42. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 16-18. 

Smith, World, ii. 189-195. 
^Yonge, 44-46. 

Arnold, 16, 18, 21. 
Dennie, 42-47. 
Ihne, i. 53, 73. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 49. 
Leighton, 18, 300, note. 
Liddell, 45, 65, 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 659. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 29. 
Plutarch, Poplicola, chs. xiii., xiv. 
Shuckburgh, 41, 51. 
V Shumway, 14-18. 



14 



Roman History 



Temple of Jupiter ( Smith, Die. of G. & R. Antiquities, " Tem- 
Capitolinus < plum/ 1 

{Continued.) ( Smith, World, ri. 192, 221, 222. 



Cloaca Maxima 



Noblest, though hum- ^ 
blest works of all, the 
sewers, which in part 
serve Rome to this 
day. — Dennie. 



{ Arnold, 15, 21. 
Dennie 47-50. 
Ihne, i. 53, 74, iv. 301. 
Lanciani, 51-57. 
Leighton, 17, note 2, 30. 
Liddell, 45. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 53, 54, 63,64, 659, 660. 
Mommsen, i. 157, 158, 604. 
Shuckburgh, 41 and note, 51. 
Smith, Die of G. and R. Antiquities, "Clo- 
aca. 1 ' 
Smith, World, ii. 147, 192, 193. 



Forum 

The field of freedom, fac- 
tion, fame, and blood ! 
— Byron. 



Allen, 83. 
Arnold, 15. 

Dennie, 63-68, 82-86, 11 5- 117. 
Ihne, i. 53, 74. 
Lanciani, 75-84. 
Leighton, 17, 18. 
Liddell, 44, 55. 
Merivale, Geivl Hist., 662. 
Mommsen, i. 157, 158. 
Shumway, 19-39, 42-44, 47-49. 
Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, 
rum.' 1 
^ Smith, World, ii. 193. 



Fo- 



Circus Maximus 



Arnold, 15. 

Dennie, 50-52. 

Ihne, i. 53. 

Leighton, 18, note 3, 408-411. 

Liddell, 45. 

Mommsen, i. 158. 

Shumway, 69-71. 

Shuckburgh, 41. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, 

cus." 
Smith, World, ii., 193, 335. 



Cir- 



Regal Period 



Seven Kings 



IS 



Servius Tullius 

Remote and vague, just 
within the verge of 
authentic history, som- 
bre in the gloom of his 
tragic end, the Sixth 
King stands alone in 
his epoch, and it seems 
not too much to say 
that, until Caesar, 
Rome never had again 
so great a ruler. — 
Dennie. 



'Allen, 29, 31, 34. 
Arnold, 16-18, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31 
Fionas, Bk. i. ch. vi. 
Gilman, 46-57. 
Ihne, i. 61-65. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 49-55. 
Leighton, 17, 30. 
Liddell, 46-57. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 54, 55. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 26-28. 
Shuck burgh, 42-50. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 18-22. 
Smith, World, ii. 195-197, 205-207. 
Yonge, 45-50. 



V 



Territorial Divis- 
ion of State 



(Developing into Comitia 
Tributa). 



Military Levy 

(Giving rise to Census 
and Comitia Centuri- 
ata). 



Allen, 33. 
Arnold, 17, 26, 27. 
Gilman, 49, 50. 
Ihne, i. 69. 
Liddell, 49-51. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 62. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 37. 
Shuckburgh, 44, 45. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Co- 
mitia Tributa." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 18. 
Smith, World, ii. 197, 198. 

( Allen, 32, 34. 
Arnold, 17, 27-30. 
Dodge, 37-39. 
Gilman, 50-54. 
Ihne, i. 63-65, 67-69. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 52-54. 
Leighton, 22-24. 
Liddell, 47-49. 

Merivale, GenU Hist., 62, 6^. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 37, 38. 
Mommsen, i. 132-135, 138, 141. 
Shuckburgh, 45-49. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, "Co- 
mitia Centuriata." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 18-20. 
Smith, World, ii. 198-201. 



i6 



Roman History 



Servian Wall 



Allen, 31. 

Arnold, 20. 

Dennie, 52-60. 

Leigh ton, 15, note 1, map 2. 

Liddell, 52-55. 

Mommsen, i. 153-156, 309 and note. 

Shuckburgh, 43. 

Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, " Murus." 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 20. 

Smith, World, ii. 205. 



Tarquinius 
Superbus 



/'Allen, 34-37- 
Arnold, 18, 31, 32, 39-41. 
Florus, Bk. i. ch. vii. 
Gilman, 55-68. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 54-65. 
Ihne, i. 71-78, 81. 
Leighton, 45, note 1, 30, 31. 
Liddell, 58-63. 
Merivale, Geml Hist., 55-59. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 28-32. 
Mommsen, i. 321-323. 
Shuckburgh, 50-54. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 22-25. 
Smith, World, ii. 207-216. 
Yonge, 49" 6 5- 



Sibylline Books 

At any cost I buy. — Tar- 
quin. 



( Allen, 36. 

Arnold, 18. 

Bulfinch, 332. 

Gilman, 59. 

Ihne, i. 74. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 57. 

Liddell, 60. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 56. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 29. 

Shuckburgh, 52. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Si- 
byllini Libri." 

Smith, sh. Hist., 23. 

Smith, World, ii. 210, 211. 
^ Yonge, 51. 



Regal Period Seven Kings 



17 



Campus Martius 



( Ihne, i. 85. 

Leighton, 29, 254, note 3. 
\ Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 57. 

Shuckburgh, 62. 
^ Shumway, 7, 8. 



" Brave Horatius 
at the Bridge ,, 

I with two more to help 

me 
Will hold the foe in play. 
Macaulay. 



Battle of Lake 
Regillus. 

The gods who live for- 
ever 

Have fought for Rome 
to-day. 

Macatday. 



' Arnold, 43. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. x. 

Gilman, 66. 

Ihne, i. 87. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 63. 

Leighton, 47. 

Liddell, 65-67. 

Macaulay, "Lays, 1 ' Horatius. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 58. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 31. 

Plutarch, i. Poplicola, ch. xvi. 

Shuckburgh, 64. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 26, 27. 
VYonge, 55-59. 

Allen, 36. 

Arnold, 44-46. 

Bulflnch, 192-194. 

Dennie, 72-76. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. xi. 

Gilman, 67, 68. 

Ihne, i. 89. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 65. 

Leighton, 48, 49. 

Liddell, 67-69. 

Macaulay, " Lays, 11 Regillus. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 58, 59. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 32. 

Mommsen, i. 558. 

Shuckburgh, 70, 71. 

Shumway, 44-47. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 28. 

Smith, World, ii. 223. 

Yonge, 62-65. 



Roman History 



THE COMMONWEALTH 

5IO-3I B.C. 

From the Expulsion of Tarquin to the Battle of Actium 
Four Hundred Seventy-nine Years 

Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians 

5IO-286 B.C. 
Myers 21-35 Pennell 18-30 Sheldon 132-151 



Republic 
Established 



The destruction of the 
monarcy did not come 
in the ripeness of time. 
It was an explosion of 
rage against an institu- 
tion because of per- 
sonal iniquity ; and it 
became the prelude to 
a century and a half of 
suffering to the Ple- 
beians . — Newman. 



Senate and 
Consuls 



With justice the Roman 
community dated its 
political existence from 
the beginning of the 
consulship. — Momm- 
sen. 

In the senate the sound 
intellect of a highly- 
gifted and strong- 
willed people reached 
its highest develop- 
ment and perfection. 
— Ihne. 



f Allen, 35, 38. 

Arnold, 41, 47, 48. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. ix. 

Gilman, 69-73. 

Ihne, i. 127. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 60, 91. 

Leigh ton, 50, 51. 
\ Liddell, 63. 

Merivale, Geni Hist., 59, 64, 65. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 41, 42. 

Mommsen, i. 3 I 9~3 2 3> 33 6 "33 8 - 

Plutarch, i.Publicola. 

Shuckburgh, 54, 61, 62. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 25. 

Smith, World, ii. 217, 228, 229. 

Allen, 38, 39. 

Arnold, 54. 

Ihne, i. 129-138, iv. 43-47, 63, 99, 100. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 116-118, 121-132. 

Leighton, 19, 50. 

Liddell, 29, 63. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 64, 65. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 35, 39. 

Mommsen, i. 113-115, 323-325, 329, 333-335. 

Shuckburgh, 87-90, 203-205, 206-208. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Se- 

natus," " Consul.'" 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 12, 118, 119, 120. 
Smith, World, ii. 218, 219, 226-228. 
Yonge, 66-73. 



The Commonwealth 



19 



Comitia Curiata 



Preserved in the republi- 
can age as a venerable 
relic of the past. — 
Ihne. 



Comitia Cen- 
turiata 



Comitia Tributa 



Allen, 19. 
Froude, 9. 

Ihne, i. 67, 113, 114, iv. 9. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 37, 112, 132. 
Leighton, 19, 51, 52. 
Liddell, 29. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 60, 208. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 35. 
Mommsen, i. 110-113. 
Shuckburgh, 47, 48. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Co- 
mitia Curiata. 11 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 12, 20, 120. 

V Smith. World, ii. 160. 

Allen, 38. 

Arnold, 28-30. 

Ihne, i. 138-140, iv. 4, 10-12, 20 

Ihne, Early Rome, 133-140. 

Leighton, 23, 51, note 5. 

Liddell, 47-49. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 208, 209 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 37, 38. 

Mommsen, i. 331-333. 

Shuckburgh, 47-49, 91. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, 

tia Centuriata. 11 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 19, 20, 120. 
Smith, World, ii. 201-204. 

Allen, 113, note. 
Arnold, 65-67, 356, 357. 
Ihne, i. 202, 203, 206, 207 

24. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 113, ] 

178. 
Leighton, 64, note 3, 71, 86, 87. 
Liddell, 51, 379- 3 8o > 3^2, 383. 
Mommsen, i. 362. 
Shuckburgh, 99, 100, 170, 649. 
Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, 

mitia Tributa. 11 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 20, 121. 

V Smith, World, ii, 197, 198. 



Comi- 



449, 450., iv. 22- 
14, 146, 147, 177, 



'Co- 



20 



Roman History 



Dictator 



Their sheet anchor i 
times of danger. - 
Ihne. 



Dictatorship of 
Valerius. 
Valerian Laws. 
Quaestorship 
Established. 



First Secession 
ofPlebs494B.C. 

"The Sacred 
Mount n 



Allen, 38. 
Arnold, 54, 55. 
Dodge, 40. 

Ihne, i. 132, iv. 85, 86. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 1 18-120. 
Leighton, 54. 
Liddell, 67, 68. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 65. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 41. 
Mommsen, i. 327, 330. 
Shuckburgh, 208. 209. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Dic- 
tator. 1 ' 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 28 note, 118. 
Smith, World, ii. 225, 226. 

Arnold, 42. 

Ihne, i. 127-129, 207. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 120, 121. 

Leighton, 51-53. 

Liddell, 65. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 66. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 41. 42. 

Mommsen, i. 326, 327, 328. 

Plutarch, i. Publicola. 

Shuckburgh, 90, 93, 204, 211. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 26, 117. 

Smith, World, ii. 220, 221, 228, 229. 

Allen, 39-43- 
Arnold, 50-52, 55-57. 
Florus, Bk. i. ch. xxiii. 
Gilman, 73-78. 
Ihne, i. 142-144, 149. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 140-142. 
Leighton. 54-57. 
Liddell, 87-93. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., '67, 68. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 42-44. 
Mommsen, i. 349, 351, 352. 
Plutarch, i. Coriolanus, ch. vi. 
Shuckburgh, 93-96. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 29-31. 
Smith, World, ii. 229-231. 
^Yonge, 74-77. 



Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians 



21 



Resulting Ap- 
pointment of 
Tribunes of the 
Plebs and 
Aediles 

The tribuneship was not 
abolished, as it ought 
to have been, when the 
plebeians had risen to 
perfect equality with 
the patricians. It con- 
tinued to exist, com- 
pletely changed in na- 
ture, though but little 
in form, and contrib- 
uted materially to un- 
dermine the republic 
and re-establish a mon- 
archy. — Ikne,i. 151. 



Allen, 43, 44. 

Arnold, 56. 

Gilman, 78, 79. 

Ihne, i. 149-151, iv. 167-176. 

I line, Early Rome, 142-145. 

Leighton, 58, 59. 

Liddell, 93, 94. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 68, 69. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 44. 

Mommsen, i. 352-360. 

Shuckburgh, 96-98, 205, 206. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Tri- 

buni Plebis." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 31. 
Smith, World, ii. 231-234. 
lYonge, 76. 



Caius Marcius 
Coriolanus 



Oh, he's a limb, that has 

but a disease ; 
Mortal, to cut it off; to 
cure it, easy. 

Shakspeare' 's 
Coriolanus. . 



( Arnold, 72-76. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. xi. 

Gilman, 80-82. 

Ihne, i. 157-159. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 154-157. 

Leighton, 60. 

Liddell, 102-106. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 75, 76. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 49, 50. 

Plutarch, i. Coriolanus. 

Shakspeare, Coriolanus. 

Shuckburgh, 74, 75. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 32, 33. 

Smith, World, ii. 234. 
I, Yonge, 84-87. 



Titus Quinctius 
Cincinnatus 

I fear, Racilia, our little 
field must remain this 
year unsown. — Cin- 
cinnatus to his wife on 
being elected consul. 



Allen, 56. 

Arnold, 76-79. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. xi. 

Gilman, 86, 87. 

Ihne, i. 165-167. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 1 59-1 61. 

Leighton, 66, note. 

Liddell, 106-108. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 76, 77. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 50, 51. 



22 



Roman History 



Titus Quinctius 
Cincinnatus 

{Continued.) 



The Decemvirate, 
451 B.C. 

A Patrician 
Despotism 

Its Duty of Codi- 
fying the Laws 



Story of Virginia 

And now, mine own J 
dear little girl, there is 
no way but this. — 

Macaulay. 



(Shuckburgh, 75, 76, no. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 34, 35. 
Smith, World, ii. 240-242. 
Yonge, 87-89. 

Allen, 58-60. 
Arnold, 95-97, 114-116. 
Floras, Bk. i. ch. xxiv. 
Gilman, 88-90. 
Ihne, i. 188-195. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 167-170, 171, 172. 
Leighton, 67, 68. 
Liddell, 112, 113, 114-117. 
< Merivale, Genl Hist., 78-80. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 51-53. 
Mommsen, i. 363-368. 
Shuckburgh, 1 01 -104, 106. 
Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " De- 
cemviri. " 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 36-38. 
Smith, World, ii. 244-247. 
Yonge, 92-94. 

Arnold, 117-119. 123, 124. 

Gilman, 90-92. 

Ihne, i. 194. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 173. 

Leighton, 69. 

Liddell, 1 17-120. 

Macaulay's Lays, ''Virginia." 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 80, 81. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 53. 54. 

Mommsen, i. 367, 368. 

Shuckburgh, 104, 105. 

Shumway, 39-42. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 38-40. 

Smith, World, ii. 248, 250. 

Yonge, 94-100. 



{Allen, 63, 64. 
Arnold, 129. 
Gilman, 93. 
Ihne, i. 212-214. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 179-181. 



Struggle Between Patricians and Plebeians 23 



Military Tribunes 

{Continued.) 



Censorship. 



Battle of Allia, 390 

B.C. 
Rome Captured by 

the Gauls. 

Such qualities — those of 
good soldiers and of 
bad citizens — explain 
the historical fact that 
the Celts have shaken 
all states and have 
founded none. — 
Mommsen. 



Leighton, 72. 

Liddell, 129-133. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 84, 85. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 57. 

Mommsen, i, 373-376. 

Shuckburgh, 108, 109. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Tri- 

buni Militum Consulari Potestate." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 41, 42. 
k Smith, World, ii. 250, 251. 

(Allen, 64. 
Arnold, 132-136. 
Dennie, 103, 104. 
Froude, n. 
Gilman, 93. 
Ihne, i. 222, 223, 224, 225, 432, iv. 157, 161, 

241-250. 
Ihne, Early Rome, 183-188. 
Leighton, 73. 

Liddell, 130, 131, 454, 455. 
Mommsen, i. 376, 377, 407, note, 551, 552. 
Shuckburgh, 109, 209, 210. 
Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Cen- 
sor.' 1 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 41, 42, 119. 
Smith, World, ii. 252. 

Allen, 70-72. 

Arnold, 203-209. 

Florus, Bk. i. ch. xiii. 

Gilman, 98-106. 

Ihne, i. 263-270. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 202-208, 212, 213. 

Leighton, 76, yy, note. 

Liddell, 141, 146-151. 

Merivale, GeiVl Hist.. 88-91. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 60-63. 

Mommsen, i. 419-421, 426-430. 

Pennell, 31. 

Shuckburgh, 1 15-122. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 45-48. 

Smith, World, ii. 258, 265-271. 

Yonge, 107-1 16. 



24 



Roman History 



Marcus Furius 
Camillus 



Rome, the last hero 
whose glory belongs 
rather to romance than 
to history. — A mold. 



( Allen, 73-75. 
Arnold, 150-154, 211. 
Giknan, 94-109. 
Ihne, i. 246-250. 

Ihne, Early Rome, 195-199, 207, 208. 
Leighton, 75, 76, note 4. 
Liddell, 138-142. 
The last relic of early 1 Merivale, Geni Hist., 86, 87, 90-92. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 59-64. 
Plutarch, i. 

Shuckburgh, 86-88, in, 119, 120, 125. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 43, 44, 47, 48. 
Smith, World, ii. 256, 258, 269, 277, 278, 

note. 
Yonge, 101-107, 112-116. 



Licinian Laws, 367 
B.C. 

One Consul here- 
after a Plebeian 

With the election of the 
first non-pratrician con- 
sul the gentile aristoc- 
racy ceased both in fact 
and law to be num- 
bered among the polit- 
ical instituti ons of 
Rome . — Mommsen. 



Creation of the 
Praetor ship. 



Allen, 75. 

Arnold, 218, 219, 223, 224, 233. 

Ihne, i. 314-318, 322-326. 

Leighton, 79, 80. 

Liddell, 156, 157. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 93-95. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 64-66. 

Mommsen, i. 381, 382, 388. 

Shuckburgh, 167-169. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Lex 

Liciniae." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 49, 50. 
Smith, World, ii. 274-278. 
Yonge, 1 19-123. 

r Allen, y6. 
Arnold, 232, 233. 
Ihne, i. 330, 331, iv. 118, 119. 
Leighton, 80. 
Liddell, 160. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 95. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 66. 
Mommsen, i. 384. 
Shuckburgh, 169, 210, 211. 
Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities " Praetor." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 50, 117, 118. 
Smith, World, ii. 277. 



Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians 25 



Censorship of Ap- 
pius Claudius. 



Ogulnian Laws, 
300 B.C. 



' Mark the establishment 
of the Roman Consti- 
tution." 



Final Secession of 
the Plebs, 286 
B.C. Appeased 
by Passage of 
"Hortensian 
Lex" 



'The people clothed 
with supreme legisla- 
tive power." 



r Allen, 89-91. 
Arnold, 318-322. 
Dennie, 100. 

Ihne, i. 433~439> 44-1-443- 
Leighton, 87, iii-i 13. 
Liddell, 219-223. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 111, 112. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., yj, 78. 
Mommsen, i. 397, 474. 571, 572, 580, 581. 
Shuckburgh, 171, 172. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 66, 67. 
c Smith, World, ii. 296, 557. 

f Arnold, 325-327. 

Ihne, i. 317. 

Leighton, 81. 

Liddell, 217, 218. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 112. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 78. 

Mommsen, i. 386. 

Shuckburgh, 172, 173. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 51. 
I Smith, World, ii. 279. 

Allen, 94. 
Arnold, 355, 356. 
Ihne, i. 448, 449. 
Leighton, 84-86. 
Liddell, 226. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 114. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 78. 
Mommsen, i. 38,6, 396, 399. 
Shuckburgh, 173. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 51. 
Smith, World, ii. 280. 



26 



Roman History 



Conquest of Italy 



First Samnite 
War 

The struggle could end 
in nothing short of 
absolute dominion on 
one side, and subjec- 
tion on the other. — 
A mold. 



343-272 B.C. 
Pennell 31-46 Myers 35-41 

[ Allen, 79. 
Arnold, 252-255, 259. 
Gilman, 111-115. 
Ihne, i. 335-341. 
Leighton, 93-95. 
Liddell, 180, 181. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 100. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 69, 70. 
Mommsen, i. 453-458, 457, note. 
Shuckburgh, 1 27-131. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 53. 54. 
Smith, World, ii. 282-285. 
Yonge, 128-133. 



Great Latin War 
Decisive Battles 
at Mt. Vesuvius 
and Trif anum 



Allen, 80-82. 

Arnold, 260-262, 265-268, 271-274. 

Gilman, 115, 116. 

Ihne, i. 35°-35 2 > 354-35 6 > 3 62 "3 6 7- 
Leighton, 95. 96. 
Liddell, 184-192. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist, 101-103. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 70-72. 
Mommsen, i. 457, note, 458-460. 
Shuckburgh, 131-134. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 54-56. 
Smith, World, ii. 285-289. 
Yonge, 133, 134. 



Second Samnite 

War 
Battle of Caudine 

Forks, 321 B.C. 



Allen, 84-87. 

Arnold, 284, 285, 291-297, 311. 
{ Florus, Bk. i. ch. xvi. 

Gilman, 116, 117. 
I Ihne, i. 382, 383, 384, 385, 393-400, 426, 427, 



Conquest of Italy 



27 



Second Samnite 
War 

{Continued.) 

The rejection of the treaty- 
was at once a political 
necessity, and a proof 
that political necessity 
was henceforth theonly 
rule of Roman honor. 
— Smith's Hist, of the 
World, ii. 294. 



Third Samnite 

War 
Battle of Sentium, < 

295 B.C. 



Greek Colonies in 

Italy. 
War with Pyr- 

rhus. 
Battles at Hera- 

clea, Asculum, 

Beneventum, 

276 B.C. 



Another such victory, and 
I go back to Epirus 
without a man. — 
Pyrrhus. 



( Leighton, 97-100. 

Liddell, 197, 198, 202-205, 2 °8- 

Merivale, Gen , l Hist , 104, 105, 107-109. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 72-76, jj. 

Mommsen, i. 467-472, 479, 480. 

Shuckburgh, 138-140, 141-144, 150, 151. 

Smith, Sm. Hist.. 56-58. 

Smith, World, ii. 290, 292-296, 298, 299. 
^ Yonge, 135-142. 

' Allen, 92, 93. 
Arnold, 332-334, 339-341, 349- 
Gilman, 117, 118. 

Ihne, i. 458-463, 466, 467, 472, 473. 
Leighton, 100-102. 
Liddell, 210, 212-215. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 113, 114. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 79, 80. 
Mommsen, i. 484-489. 
Shuckburgh, 154-159, 162. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 59. 
Smith, World, ii. 299-302. 
Yonge, j 42, 143. 

( Allen, 96-98. 
Arnold, 391-399. 402-404, 405-408, 409, 410. 
Dodge, 107-120. 
Florus, Bk. i. ch. xviii. 
Gilman, 1 19-123. 
Ihne, i. 489, 490, 504-510, 51 1-5 17, 525, 526, 

528-530, 532-535, 538-540. 
Leighton, 103-108. 
Liddell, 239-247. 
Merivale, GeiVl Hist., 116-119. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 80-83. 
Mommsen, i. 491, 493-495, 501-506, 508-511, 

513-517, 521-524. 
Plutarch, iii. Pyrrhus. 
Shuckburgh, 179-182, 183-189, 190, 191, 194, 

195, 197. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 60-65. 
Smith, World, ii. 309-322. 
V Yonge, 144-149- 



28 



Roman History 



Rome Supreme 
throughout all 
Italy. Su- 
premacy main- 
tained by Sys- 
tem of Coloni- 
zation 



Military colonies, — bul- 
warks of the Empire. 
— Cicero. 

A colony was another 
Rome, a daughter of 
the city on the Tiber, 
a dutiful child which 
maintained itself, and 
yielded obedience to 
its mother. — Long. 



Military Roads 
Via Appia 
Via Flaminia 
Via Sacra 
Via Valeria 

The Romans were the 
first nation of antiquity 
that recognized the im- 
portance of good roads 
for the government of 
a large empire. — Ihne. 



Aqueducts 



Fiction : — 



Allen, 98-103. 
Arnold, 413, 414, 449"453- 
Dodge, 120, 121. 
Gilman, 123-125. 
Ihne, i. 541-544, 546. 
Leighton, 108-111. 
Liddell, 248-251. 
Merivale, Geni Hist., 122-125. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 85-87. 
Mommsen, i. 534~537, 539-541. 545- 
Shuckburgh, 199, 200. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, '• Co- 
lonial 
Smith, Sra. Hist., 65, 66. 
Smith, World, ii. 325-330. 
Yonge, 150. 

Arnold, 320, 322, 469. 

Dennie, 101-106. 

Gilman, 124. 

Ihne, i. 439, 441-443. * v - "5- 

Leighton, in, 113, note. 

Liddell, 222, 305, 409, 410. 

Merivale, Geni Hist., 126, 127, 146. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 77, 88. 

Mommsen, i. 155, note, 474, 483, 490, 527, 

572, ii. 102, 235. 
Pennell, 44, 45, 219. 
Shuckburgh, 171, 281, 282. 
Shumway, 19. 

Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, "Viae." 
Smith, World, ii. 296, iii. 33, 34. 

Arnold, 320, 321. 
Dennie, 110-113, 186-191. 
Ihne, i. 441, 442. 
Lanclani, 58-64. 
Leighton, m-113. 
Liddell, 222. 
Mommsen, i. 572. 
Shuckburgh, 171. 

Smith, Die. G. and R. Antiquities, " Aquae- 
ductus." 
V Smith, World, ii. 557. 

Shakspeare: Coriolanus (Fifth Century, B.C.). 



Foreign Conquest First Punic War 



29 



Foreign Conquest 

Punic Wars 264-146 b.c. 118 Years 
First Punic War 264-241 b.c. 23 Years 

Finished by Men Unborn when it Broke out Waged Mainly in Sicily 

Appleton's Cyclopaedia "Rome" Florus Bk. ii. ch. ii. 

Myers 42-51 Pennel 47-53 Sheldon 152-154 



Carthage 

The earliest pattern of a 
republic whose mov- 
ing spirit was commer- 
cial wealth. — Smithes 
Hist, of the World. 



War opens with 
Quarrel over 
Messana 



/'Allen, 104, 105. 

Arnold, 418-423. 

Creasy, 99-103. 

Dodge, 1-7, 11, 31. 

Gilman, 126-129. 

Ihne, ii. 5-9. 

Leighton, 117, 118. 

Liddell, 260-264. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 128, 129. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 89, 90. 

Mommsen, ii. 13, 20-27, 33-36. 

Shuckburgh, 223-227, 231, 232. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 1-7, 8-10, 15, 16, 
19, 21-24, 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 68, 69. 

Smith, World, ii. 387-389, 396-404. 
lYonge, 151-155- 

Allen, 105, 106. 

Arnold, 424, 425. 

Gilman, 129, 130. 

Ihne, ii. 33, 35-37, 39, 40. 

Leighton, 1 18-120. 

Liddell, 265, 266. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 133, 134. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 91, 92. 

Mommsen, ii. 39-42, 44, 46. 

Shuckburgh, 219, 220, 234, 235, 237, 238. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 31-34. 



30 



Roman History 



Quarrel over 
Messana 

( Continued. ) 



Siege of Agrigen- 
tum 



Roman Acquire- 
ment of a Navy 

The Romans never ceased 
to have a kind of inter- 
nal horror of the dan- 
gers of the ocean. — 
Ihne. 



Battle of Mylae 



Smith, Sm. Hist., 69, 70. 
Smith, World, ii. 340-342. 
Yonge, 155, 156. 

f Arnold, 428. 

Ihne, ii. 46-48. 

Leighton, 120. 

Liddell, 268. 

Mommsen, ii. 47, 48. 

Shuckburgh, 240, 241. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 36-39. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 70. 
^ Smith, World, ii. 343. 

Allen,. 106. 

Arnold, 428-430. 

Dodge, 123-125. 

Gilman, 130, 131. 

Ihne, ii. 50-53, iv. 112-115. 

Leighton, 121, 122. 

Liddell, 268-270. 
\ Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 135. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 92, 93. 

Mommsen, ii. 49-51. 

Shuckburgh, 241-243. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 39-43. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 70, 71. 

Smith, World, ii. 405, 406. 
^ Yonge, 156. 

' Allen, 107. 
Arnold, 430. 
Dodge, 125. 
Gilman, 131, 132. ' 
Ihne, ii. 55-58. 
Leighton, 121. 
Liddell, 270. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 135, 136. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 93. 
Mommsen, ii. 51, 52. 
Shuckburgh, 244, 245. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 43-46. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 71. 
Smith, World, ii. 406. 
Yonge, 156, 157. 



Foreign Conquest First Picnic War 



31 



Regulus " carries 
the War into 
Africa " 



Regulus 



Hamilcar Barca 
(Father of Han- 
nibal) 

No king was worthy to be 
n^med by the side of 
Hamilcar Barca. — 
Cato the Censor. 



Allen, 107. 

Arnold, 432-436. 

Dodge, 126, 127-131. 

Gilman, 132, 133. 

Ihne, ii. 65-72, 78. 

Leighton, 123. 

Liddell, 271-275. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 136, 137. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 94. 

Mommsen, ii. 56-59. 

Shuckburgh, 246, 249-252. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 54-63, 64, 65. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 72, y^. 

Smith, World, ii. 407-411. 

Yonge, 157, 158. 

Arnold, 433"43 6 > 439- 
Ihne, ii. 78, 79. 
Leighton, 123. 
Liddell, 275, 276. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 136-138. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 94, 95. 
Mommsen, ii. 58. 
Shuckburgh, 246, 249-252, 257. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 71-74. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., y^, 74. 
Smith, World, ii. 407-409, 410, 411. 
^ Yonge, 1 57-161. 

''Allen, 108, 109. 
Arnold, 422, 443, 444, 447, 462. 
Dodge, 29, 30, 122, 123, 131-137, 143-146. 
Gilman, 133, 134. 

Ihne, ii. 99-102, 106, 144, 145, 146. 
Leighton, 126, 128. 
Liddell, 278-280, 285, 286, 291, 292. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 140, 147, 148. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 96. 
Mommsen, ii. 67-69, 108-111. 
Nepos, " Hamilcar. 1 ' 
Shuckburgh, 264, 267, 290, 291. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 74, 75, 84-92, 93, 94. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 74-76. 
Smith, World, ii. 412-415, 416, 417, 424, 425. 



32 



Roman History 



Battle of Aegatian 
Islands 



Results of First 
Punic War 



Allen, 109. 

Arnold, 446. 

Ihne, ii. 105, 106. 

Leighton, 126. 

Liddell, 279, 280. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 140. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 96. 

Mommsen. ii. 70. 

Shuckburgh, 266. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 92. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 76. 

Smith, World, ii. 413, 414. 

r Allen, 109-111. 

Arnold, 447. 

Ihne, ii. 107, 115, 143. 

Leighton, 127. 

Liddell, 280, 281. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 140, 141. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 96, 97. 

Mommsen, ii. 72-76. 

Shuckburgh, 267, 268. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 94-96. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 76. 

Smith, World, ii. 414, 415. 
I Yonge, 162. 



Second Punic War 218-201 b.c. 17 Years 

Waged Mainly in Spain and Italy 

The most memorable of all wars ever waged Small's Hist, of the World 

Florus Bk. ii. ch. vi. Myers 52-68 Pennell 54-72 Sheldon 154, 155, 158-164 



Carthaginian Pol- 
icy in Spain 

If Carthage was to be 
saved, it must be by 
resources from with- 
out, and yet not by 
foreign aid. — Smith's 
Hist, of the World, ii. 
424. 



f Allen, 115, 116. 
Arnold, 459, 460, 462, 463. 
Dodge, 29, 30, 143-148, I5I-I53- 
Ihne, ii. 151, 152. 
Leighton, 132, 133. 
Liddell, 291-293. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 148, 149. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 102, 103. 
Mommsen, ii. no, in, 114-116. 



Foreign Conquest Second Punic War 



33 



I give you war. — Q. F. 

Maximus. 



f Shuckburgh, 291-293. 
Carthaginian Pol- j Smith, Rome and Carthage. 105-110. 
icy in Spain \ Smith, Sm. Hist., 80. 

{Continued.) Smith, World, ii. 424-426. 

l^Yonge, 168, 169. 

Allen, 116. 
Arnold, 471, 472. 

Dodge, 147, 148, 157-159, 161, 162. 
Gilman, 139, 140. 
Ihne, ii. 154, 156-158. 
Leighton, 133. 
Saguntum Liddell, 293, 294. 

- Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 150, 155. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 103. 
Mommsen, ii. 116-118. 
Shuckburgh, 294, 296, 297. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 11 2-1 14. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 81. 
Smith, World, ii. 426, 427. 
Yonge, 169, 170. 

f Allen, 116, 117. 

Arnold, 474, 475, 477-48 1. 

Dodge, 163, 171, 176, 189, 215, 238. 

Gilman, 140. 

Ihne, ii. 165, 166, 171, 175-177. 

Leighton, 134, 135. 

Liddell, 298-300, 301-303. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 156-159. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 107-109. 

Mommsen, ii. 122, 125-127, 129-134. 

Shuckburgh, 299-303. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 114, 116, 117, 
119-124. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 82-84. 

Smith, World, ii. 430-433. 
1^ Yonge, 170-172. 

r Allen, 117. 
Arnold, 481. 

Dodge, 245, 246, 251-253. 
Ihne, ii. 180, 181. 



Hannibal's March 
from Spain to 
Italy. 



Ticinus 



34 



Roman History 



Ticinus 

{Continued.) 



r Leighton, 136. 

Liddell, 303. 

Merivale, Geri'l Hist., 159, 160. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 109. 

Mommsen, ii. 137, 138. 

Shuckburgh, 306. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 127, 128. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 84. 

Smith, World, ii. 433. 
, Yonge, 174. 



Trebia 



Allen, 117, 118. 

Arnold, 483, 484. 

Dodge, 266. 

Ihne, ii. 185-189. 

Leighton, 137. 

Liddell, 304, 305. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 160. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 109. 

Mommsen, ii. 139-141. 

Shuckburgh, 309, 310. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 128-133. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 84-86. 

Smith, World, ii. 434. 

Yonge, 175. 



Trasimenus 



( Allen, 119. 

Arnold, 485-488. 

Dodge, 278, 287, 289, 298. 

Gil man, 140-142. 

Ihne, ii. 202, 203, 207-210. 

Leighton, 137. 

Liddell, 306-308. 

Merivale, Genl. Hist., 161, 162. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., no. 

Mommsen, ii. 144, 146, 147. 

Shuckburgh, 314-317. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 133, 134,. 138- 
142. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 86, 87. 

Smith, World, ii. 435, 436. 
^ Yonge, 175. 



Foreign Conquest Second Punic War 



35 



Policy of the 
"Cunctator " 



An absolutely new inven- 
t i o n of this level- 
headed soldier. — 
Dodge. 



f Allen, 119, 120. 

Arnold, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494. 

Dodge, 315, 324, 325, 334. 

Gilman, 142, 143. 

Ihne, ii. 212, 213, 219, 220, 222-224. 

Leighton, 138-140. 

Lidclell, 308-310. 
< Merivale, Genl Hist., 162, 163. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 110, in. 

Mommsen, ii. 147, 148-153. 

Shuckburgh, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 143, 145-151. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 87. 

Smith, World, ii. 436-439. 
^ Yonge, 176. 



Cannae 



A masterpiece of battle 
tactics. ... A con- 
summate piece of art, 
. having no superior, 
few equal examples, 
in the history of war. — 
Dodge. 



( Allen, 120-123. 
Arnold, 496-502. 
Dodge, 344, 360, 370, 375-377, 3 8o > 381, 386, 

387, 388. 
Gilman, 143. 
Ihne, ii. 232-240. 
Leighton, 140-142 
Liddell, 312-315. 
- Merivale, Genl Hist., 163-165. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., in, 112. 
Mommsen, ii. 154-158. 
Shuckburgh, 323, 325-329. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 153, 154, 156- 

163. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 88, 89. 
Smith, World, ii. 439-442, 444, 445. 
Yonge, 176, 177. 



Winter at Capua 



" The debauch of Capua " 
is purely hypothetical. 
— Dodge. 



Allen, 122. 
Arnold, 504, 506. 
Dodge, 390, 406, 407. 
Gilman, 143. 
{ Inne, ii. 254, 255, 258, 259, 272, 273. 
Leighton, 142. 
Liddell, 318. 

Merivale, Gen 1 !. Hist., 167, 168. 
.Merivale, Sh. Hist., 112. 



36 



Roman History 



Winter at Capua 

{Continued.) 



Mommsen, ii. 168, 169, 170. 

Shuckburgh, 331-333, 335. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, v 1, 172, 173. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 89, 91. 

Smith, World, ii. 445, 446. 

Yonge, 178. 



Hannibal's Nego- 
tiations with 
Spain, Macedon, 
and Sicily- 



Siege of 
Syracuse 

The genius of Archimedes 
anticipated the time 
when sieges would de- 
pend more on engi- 
neering science than on 
brute force. — Smith? s 
Hist, of the World, 
ii. 459- 



f Allen, 123, 124. 

Arnold, 516, 517, 541, 542, 544-546. 

Dodge, 385, 386. 

Gilman, 144. 

Ihne, ii. 278, 279, 292-294, 346, 347. 

Lcighton, 143-145. 

Liddell, 326, 327, 334, 335. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 166, 167. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 113. 

Mommsen, ii. 158-160, 173, 174. 

Shuckburgh, 333, 334, 335-337. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 174, 175, 182. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 92, 93. 
I Smith, World, ii. 443, 444, 447. 

f Allen, 123, 124. 
Arnold, 551, 552, 559, 560. 

Dodge, 448-45°> 474, 475- 

Gilman, 144. 

Ihne, ii. 301, 302, 310, 312. 

Leighton, 146. 

Liddell, 328, 329. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 167. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 113. 

Mommsen, ii. 174-176, 177, 178. 

Shuckburgh, 338-342. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 1 78-181. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 93, 94. 

Smith, World, ii. 456, 457, 460. 

White's Plutarch, 370-374. 

Yonge, 178. 



Metaurus f^ lle V 25 o <■> o a 

J Arnold, 581, 582, 583-585. 

I recognize the doom of I v-l*easv, Cil. IV. 

Carthage.— Hannibal. I Dodge, 530, 546, 558, 559. 



Foreign Conquest Second Punic War 



37 



Metaurus 

(Continued.) 



r Gil man, 146. 
Ihne, ii. 385, 387, 389-391, 393. 
Leighton, 150, 151. 
Liddell, 344, 345"349- 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 170-172. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 115, 116. 
Mommsen, ii. 209-212. 
Shuckburgh, 355-358. 
Smith, "Rome and Carthage, 195- 
Smith, Sh. Hist., 97, 98. 
Smith, World, ii. 463, 464 
Yonge, 179. 



[99. 



Zama 



The Waterloo of Ancient 4 
History. — Smith's 
Hist, of the World, 
ii. 474. 



f Allen, 125-127. 

Arnold, 609, 610, 612-614. 

Dodge, 579, 596. 

Gilman, 146, 147. 

Ihne, ii. 428, 444, 445, 449~453 

Leighton, 152-154. 

Liddell, 361, 364, 365, 366. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 174-176. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 117, 118. 

Mommsen, ii. 214, 215, 220, 221, 222. 

Shuckburgh, 376, 377, 383, 384. 386, 389-391. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 207, 208, 222- 
225. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 102-104. 

Smith, World, ii. 470, 473-476. 
V Yonge, 179, 180. 



Results of the 
War 



It decided the future des- 
tiny of the world. — 
Smith's Hist, of the 
World \ ii. 429. 

Taught Rome a neces- 
sary lesson. She went 
diligently to school to 
Hannibal. — Dodge. 



Allen, 127, 128. 
Arnold, 614. 
Dodge, 609, 610. 
Gilman, 147. 
Ihne, ii. 455. 
Leighton, 155. 
Liddell, 367. 

Merivale, Gerfl Hist., 176. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 118, 119. 
Mommsen, ii. 222. 
Shuckburgh, 392, 393. 
^ Smith, Rome and Carthage, 225-227. 



33 



Roman History 



Results of the 
War 

{Continued.) 

Rome and Car- 
thage con- 
trasted 

The main cause of the 
superiority of Rome 
over Carthage we have 
found in the firm geo- 
graphical and ethno- 
graphical unity of the 
Roman State as com- 
pared with the cheq- 
uered character of the 
nationalities ruled over 
by Carthage, and in 
the disjointed configu- 
ration of its territory. 
— Ihne, ii. 461. 



Hannibal 



" His character has de- 
scended to us through- 
out the ages, pure be- 
yond the power of his 
enemies to stain." 

There is not a figure in 
history more noble in 
its purity, more radi- 
ant in its patriotism, 
more heroic in its 
genius, more pathetic 
in its misfortunes. — 
Dodge. 



Smith, Sm. Hist., 105. 
Smith, World, ii. 477. 
Yonge, 180. 

Allen, 104, 105. 

Arnold, 505. 

Creasy, 103-105. 

Dodge, 141, 142, 632. 

Ihne, ii. 158, 461, 462. 

Leighton, 118, 134, 172-174. 

Liddell, 258, 261, 262. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 141, 142, 156. 

Merivaie, Sh. Hist., 97. 

Mommsen, ii. 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37. 

Shuckburgh, 227, 228, 230, 231. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 22-24 

Smith, World, ii. 391. 

f Allen, 115, 116, 128. 
Arnold, 459, 460, 470, 471, 472, 473, 614- 

616. 
Dodge, 148-153, 611, 612, 613-653, especially 

613 and 642. 
Gilman, 137, 138, 139, 147, 148. 
Ihne, ii, 147-149, 151, 152, iii. 87, 88, 93, 94, 

186-188. 
Leighton, 133, 161, 162. 
Liddell, 291-295, 433, 453, 454. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 148, 149, 173, 192, 

197, 198. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 102, 103, 127, 130, 131. 
Mommsen, ii. 114-116, 220, 238-240, 333, 

334- 

Nepos, " Hannibal. " 

Plutarch, i. " Fabius," ii. " Marcellus," iii. 

" Flamininus," chs. xx., xxi. 
Shuckburgh, 291, 293, 294, 467, 468, 498, 

499. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 109, ilo, 166- 

171, 234-236. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 80, no, 131, 132. 
Smith, World, ii. 418, 425, 426, 477, 478. 
Yonge, 182-185. 



Foreign Conquest Second Punic War 39 



Publius Cornelius 
Scipio Af ricanus 
Major. 

A special charm lingers 
around the form of 

that graceful hero 

Mommsen. 



Allen, 139, 140. 

Arnold, 586-590, 595. 

Dodge, 5^8, 561, 571, 572, 584, 585, 651, 

652. ' 
Ihne, ii. 347-35 1 * 35 6 > 397. iii- i3 6 > i v - 33°- 

334- 
Leigh ton, 147, 148, 190, 192. 
Liddell, 351, 352, 354, 449"453- 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 173, 177, 192, 198, 

199. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 116, 119, 130. 
Mommsen, ii. 189-191, 214, 215, 223, 224, 

334, 335- 
Shuckburgh, 306, 328, 365, 366, 394, 499- 

501. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 199-204, 237. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 99-101, 130, 131. 
Smith, World, ii. 465-467 
VYonge, 185, 186. 



Quintus Fabius 
Maximus. 



" Whose wise delay re- 
stored the Roman 
state." 

"Hannibal's lackey." 



Marcus Claudius 
Marcellus 

The Romans had a habit 
of calling Marcellus 
their sword, and Fa- 
bius their buckler. — 
Dodge. 



( Allen, 120. 

Arnold, 489, 490, 493, 494, 518. 

Dodge, 315-320, 334, 335> 339> 5°5> 5 o6 > 
632, 637. 

Gilman, 139, 144-146. 

Ihne, ii. 212, 213, 219, 221, 242. 

Leighton, 138, 139. 

Liddell, 308-310. 322, 365. 

Merivale, Gen"l Hist., 162, 163. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., no, in. 

Mommsen, ii. 148-153, 220. 

Plutarch, i. " Fabius. 1 ' 

Shuckburgh, 317, 319-322, 352, 376. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 145-151, 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 87. 
^ Smith, World, ii. 436-439, 473. 

Arnold, 467, 549, 550, 567,568, 576. 

Dodge, 394, 441, 474, 475> 494, 5 2 °-5 20 > 6 37« 

Ihne, ii. 370-374. 

Leighton, 145, 146, 150. 

Liddell, 322, 343. 

Mommsen, ii. 167, 168, 177, 178, 206. 



40 



Roman History 



Marcus Claudius 
Marcellus 

( Continued-) 



Plutarch, ii. " Marcellus." 
Shuckburgh, 33 2 >333> 338-342, 353. 354- 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 172, 173, 192, 

i?3- 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 93, 94, 97. 
I. Smith, World, ii. 445, 460, 462. 



Macedonian and Syrian Wars 214-168 b.c. 

Myers 69-73 Pennell 73-84 Sheldon 155-157, 165-169 



' Arnold, 544, 545. 

Oilman, 159. 

Ihne, ii. 276-279, 411, 412, 441. 

Leighton, 159. 

Liddell, 418-421. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 173, 174, 182-185. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 117, 122, 123. 

Mommsen, ii. 159, 172, 174, 179-184. 

Shuckburgh, 417, 418, 421, 422. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 107, 108. 
I Smith, World, ii. 480-483. 



First Macedonian 
War, 214-205 
B.C. 



Second Macedo- 
nian War, 200- 
196 B.C., closed 
by Battle of Cy- 
noscephalae 

History has a Nemesis 
for every sin, for an 
impotent craving after 
freedom, as well as for 
an injudicious gener- 
osity. — Mommsen. 



( Allen, 131-134. 
Dodge, 655-661. 
Florus, Bk. ii. ch. vii. 
Gilman, 160, 161. 
Ihne, iii. 3-7, 10, 12, 13, 17-19, 20-22, 39-41, 

54-57, 65, 66, 68, 69. 
Leighton, 1 59-161. 
Liddell, 421-424, 426-431. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 185-191. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 123-127. 
Mommsen, ii. 254-256, 265-268, 271-276, 

288-291, 292, 293, 298, 299. 
Plutarch, " Flamininus." 
Shuckburgh, 423, 424, 426, 427, 431-433, 

444, 445, 448, 449. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 108, 109. 
Smith, World, ii. 483-488. 
White's Plutarch, 418, 419. 
Yonge, 182. 



Foreign Conquest Macedonian and Syrian Wars 41 



Syrian War. De- 
cisive Battle, 
Magnesia, 190 
B.C. 



The war with Antiochus 
would not have arisen 
but for the political 
blunder of liberating 
Greece, and it would 
never have been dan- 
gerous but for the mil- 
itary blunder of with- 
drawing the garrisons. 
— Mommsen, 



Third Macedonian 

War, 171-168 

B.C. 
Decisive Battle, 

Pydna, June 22, 

168 B.C. 

The last battle in which a 
civilized state con- 
fronted Rome in the 
field on a footing of 
equality with her as a 
great power. — Momm- 
sen. 



Philip V. of 
Macedon 

A genuine king in the best 
and worst sense of the 
term. — Mommsen. 



f Allen, 134, 135. 
Dodge, 661-665. 
Florus, Bk. ii. ch. viii. 
Gilman, 162. 
Ihne, iii. 81-83, 93' 94' 97' 9&, no, 119, 124- 

126, 136, 138, 139, 153-157, 161, 162. 
Leigh ton, 161, 162. 
Liddell, 432, 433, 435-438. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 191-194. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 127, 128. 
Mommsen, ii. 300-305, 310-313, 318, 320-322. 
Shuckburgh, 465-467, 471, 472, 475-477, 481, 

482, 487-492. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., no, in. 
Smith, World, ii. 491, 493-495, 497-499. 
Yonge, 182-186. 

f Allen, 136, 137. 

Dodge, 666, 667. 

Florus, Bk. ii. ch. xii. 

Gilman, 163, 164. 

Ihne, iii. 248-256, 258-260, 265, 266. 

Leighton, 163-165. 

Liddell, 456-459, 462-466. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 199-201. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 132, 133. 

Mommsen, ii. 336-342, 344"347> 349' 35°' 
35i. 355-357- 

Plutarch, i. Aemilius. 

Shuckburgh, 502-505, 508-511, 512, 513. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 134-136. 

Smith, World, ii. 502-509. 

White's Plutarch, 388-392. 
^ Yonge, 188, 189. 



Perseus 



(Ihne, ii. 409, 410, iii. 6, 7, 193-195. 
Mommsen, ii. 266, 267, 338, 339. 
Shuckburgh, 502, 503. 
Smith, World, ii. 480, 481, 502-504. 

J Ihne, iii. 195-197, 214, 215, 248-256, 292. 
J Mommsen, ii. 339, 340, 356. 
j Shuckburgh, 502, 503, 510, 511. 
\ Smith, World, ii. 504, 509. 



42 



Roman History 



Lucius Aemilius 
Paulus 

One of the few who com- 
bined the amenities of 
Greek culture with 
the virtues of the old 
nobility. — Smith's 
Hist, of the World. 



Final Subjugation 
of Greece and 
Macedonia 

Corinth De- 
stroyed 146 B.C. 

Pseudo-Philip De- 
feated in Fourth 
Macedonian 
War 



Ihne, iii. 244-246, 248-251, 254-256, 281-290. 

Liddell, 462, 471. 

Mommsen, ii. 355. 

Plutarch, i. Aemilius. 

Smith, World, ii. 507, 508, 515. 



Allen, 142. 

Florus, Bk. ii. chs. xiv., xvi. 
Gilman, 164, 165. 

Ihne, iii. 292-296, 298-301, 305-315. 
Leigh ton, 164-167. 
Liddell, 468, 476-480. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 201, 202. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 133. 
Mommsen, iii. 57-59, 61-70. 
Shuckburgh, 515, 521-523, 524-526. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 136-138. 
Smith, World, ii. 516-518. 
w Yonge, 190, 191. 



Third Punic War 

Myers 73-75 Pennell 85-88 Sheldon 158 



Commercial Pros- 
p e r i t y of Car- 
thage 



Trouble between 
Carthage and < 
Massinissa. 



Ihne, iii. 327, 328. 
Leighton, 167-169. 
Liddell, 481, 482. - 
Mommsen, iii. 35-37. 
Shuckburgh, 527, 528. 
I Smith, World, ii. 519, 



520. 



Ihne, 111. 321-325, 330-333. 

Leighton, 168, 169. 

Liddell, 482. 

Mommsen, iii. 36, 38, 39. 

Shuckburgh, 527. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 237, 238. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 138, 139. 

Smith, World, ii. 521, 522, 523. 



Foreign Conquest Third Punic War 



43 



Location and De- 
fences of Car- 
thage 

"Delenda est Car- 
thago." 146 
B.C. 

Whatever our sympathy 
with heroic yet defeat- 
ed Carthage, we shall, 
nevertheless, be obliged 
to acknowledge that 
the victory of Rome — 
the issue of this trial 
by combat — was the 
most essential condi- 
tion for the healthy 
development of the 
human race. — I hue. 

Marcus Portius 
Cato 

Among all the eulogies 
ever passed upon him 
we never hear of his 
being loved. — Smith's 
Hist, of the World. 

Cato's tongue was never 
quiet. — I hue. 

He publicly laid before 
his noble colleagues, 
one after another, his 
list of their sins, cer- 
tainly without being re- 
markably particular as 
to the proofs, and cer- 
tainly also with a pe- 
culiar relish in the case 
of those who had per- 
sonally crossed or pro- 
voked him. — Momm- 



Publius Cornelius 
Scipio A e m i 1 i- 
anus Af . Minor 



Ihne, iii. 341-346. 
Liddell, 485, 486. 
Mommsen, iii. 43-47. 
Shuckburgh, 231, 232. 
^ Smith, Rome and Carthage, 239-244. 

Allen, 143-146. 

Florus, Bk. ii. ch. xv. 

Gilman, 165. 

Ihne, iii. 347"3 6 3- 

Leighton, 169-171. 

Liddell, 482-485, 487-490. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 202, 203. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 133-135. 

Mommsen, iii. 39-43, 47-55. 

Shuckburgh, 528-536. 

Smith, Rome and Carthage, 244-261. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 139-142. 

Smith, World, ii. 519-525, 527-532. 

Yonge, 191-193. 

Allen, 139, 141. 

Gilman, 149, 158, 165, 284, 293-295, 318, 319. 

Ihne, iii. 327-330, iv. 292-294, 325-332, 334- 

337. 
Leighton, 174, 189-192. 
Liddell, 443, 444, 45°-455- 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 215-217. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 142. 
Mommsen, ii. 413-416, 439, 454-456, 480-483, 

562-566, iii. 37. 
Nepos, " Cato/ 1 
Plutarch, ii. Cato. 
Shuckburgh, 405-407, 519, 520. 
Smith, Rome and Carthage, 238. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 128-133. 
Smith, World, ii. 557-561. 
White's Plutarch, 411 -41 5. 

Ihne, iii. 352, 353, 403-406, iv. 410, 413, 415- 

418. 
Leighton, 170, 171, 177-179, 206. 
Liddell, 474, 475, 487-49°' 493"49 6 > 5 28 < 5 2 9> 

53i> 532- 



44 



Roman History 



Publius Cornelius 

{Continued.') 

He only is a living man, 
the rest are gliding 
shades. — Catd's Eti- 
logy on Scipio, quoted 
from Homer. 



Merivale, Gen , l Hist., 225, 226. 

Mommsen, iii. 28-30, 50-55, 109-111, 129-132. 

Shuckburgh, 530, 531, 535, 536, 544, 545, 

557, 558. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 140, 141, 153. 
Smith, World, ii. 526-532, 543-545, 561-566. 



Spanish Wars 200-133 B - c - 



State of Affairs in 
the two Spanish 
Provinces 



Which ought to have 
caused the national 
pride to blush. — Ihne, 
iv. 101. 



Myers 75, 76 Pennell 89-91 

Allen, 154. 

Florus, Bk. ii. ch. xvii. 

Ihne, iii. 369-371, 374, 375, 377, 378, 380, 

381. 
Leighton, 174, 175. 
Liddell, 443-445. 
Merivale, Gen'1 Hist., 195, 196. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 129. 
Mommsen, ii. 250, 251, iii. 13, 14. 
Shuckburgh, 458-463. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 114, 115. 
Smith, World, ii. 537-539. 



The Lusitanian 
Struggle 



Florus, Bk. ii. ch. xvii. 
Ihne, iii. 384-394. 
Leighton, 176, 177. 
Liddell, 473, 474, 491, 492. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 204. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 136. 
Mommsen, iii. 15, 19-25. 
Shuckburgh, 538-540. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 143-145. 
Smith, World, ii. 540-542. 



) r Ihne, iii. 389-394. 
Leighton, 176. 
Mommsen, iii. 20-25. 
Shuckburgh, 539, 540. 
Smith, World, ii. 541, 542. 



Results of Foreign Conquest 



45 



Celtiberian War 
centring about 
Numantia 



For the first time in Ro- 
man history the spade 
and mattock took the 
place of the sword 
and battering-ram. — 
Smith's Hist, of the 
World. 



Florus, Bk. ii. ch. xviii. 
Ihne, iii. 395, 396, 399-401, 403-406. 
Leighton, 175, 177-179. 
Lidclell, 491-496. 
Merivale, GenU Hist., 204, 205. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 136. 
Mommsen, iii. 15-17, 25-31. 
Shuckburgh, 542-545. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 145, 146. 
(, Smith, World, ii. 539, 540, 542-545 



Results of Foreign Conquest 



Provincial Gov- 
ernment 



He who steals from a 
citizen ends his days in 
chains and fetters ; but 
he who steals from the 
commonwealth ends 
them in gold and pur- 
ple. — Cato the Censor. 



r Allen, 147-149, 153. 

Beesly, 20, 21. 

Froude, 110-113. 

Ihne, iv. 197, 198, 200-205. 

Leighton, 181-183. 

Liddell, 393. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 211, 272. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 137. 

Mommsen, ii. 397-402, iii. 170, 480, 481. 

Shuckburgh, 267, 268, 536, 561, 562, 602, 
603, 649- 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Pro- 
vincial 
V Smith, World, ii. 553, 555, 556. 



Slave Labor 



So many slaves, so 
many foes. — Roman 
Maxim. 



Allen, 150, 151. 
Beesly, 10-14. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. xix. 
Froude, 17. 
Gilman, 166. 

Ihne, iv. 216-219, 3^7 > 424-429. 
Leighton, i79" l8l > J 93> io 4- 
Liddell, 497-501. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 220, 221. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 145. 
Mommsen, iii. 100-105. 
I. Myers, 77, 78. 



4 6 



Romcwi History 



Influence on Ro- 
man Manners 
and Morals 



(Pennell, 92. 
Shuckburgh, 284, 403, 546-550. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 128, 146, 147. 
Smith, World, ii. 546-548. 

Allen, 139-142, 147, 149. 
Beesly, 22, 23. 
Froude, 14-22. 
Gilman, 149-159. 

Ihne, iv. 219-226, 250, 251, 351, 352. 
Leigh ton, 192, 193. 
Liddell, 508-510, 514-517. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 152-155, 212-216. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 140-142. 
Mommsen, ii. 477, 479, 483-486, 488-491. 
Myers, 215-221. 
Shuckburgh, 285, 286, 400. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 126, 127. 
Smith, World, ii. 553, 555, 556, 566-568. 
v Yonge, 193, 194, 201, 202. 

Fiction : — 
Henty: Young Carthaginian (220 B.C. Period of 2d Punic War). 
Church: The Hammer (174 B.C. Judean Story). 
Ebers: The Sisters (Egypt in 160 B.C.). 



Period of Civil Dissensions The Gracchi 47 



Period of Civil Dissensions 

I33-3I B.C. 
Walpurgis dance of political witches. — Mommsen 

The Gracchi 

These are my jewels. — Cornelia 
Myers 78-81 Pennell 93-98 Sheldon 170 



Agrarian Abuses 

Causing a dearth of citi- 
zens, soldiers, and rev- 
enue. — Appian. 

No other man can endure 
so much as he who has 
turned the soil and 
reaped the harvest. — 
Cato the Censor. 

The wild beasts of Italy- 
have their dens to retire 
to, but the brave men 
who spill their blood 
in her cause have noth- 
ing left but light and 
air. — Tiberius 
Gracchus. 



New Political Par- 
ties 

Optimates and 
Populares 

We can easily guess who 
were the Optimates. 
They were the rich and 
powerful, who ruled by 
intimidation, intrigue, 
and bribery, who 
bought the votes of the 
people, and sold their 
interests. — Long. 



Roman Citizen- 
ship 



Allen, 149, 150, 151, 152. 
Beesly, 5-10. 
Froude, 16, 17. 
Ihne, iv. 365, 366. 
Leighton, 194, 199-201. 
Liddell, 497, 498, 505, 506, 521. 
Merivale, Gen 1 Hist., 217-220. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 143, 144. 
Mommsen, iii. 98, 99, 107, 108. 
Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus. 
Shuckburgh, 551, 552. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 148, 149. 
Smith, World, iii. 6, 9-1 1. 
Yonge, 195-197. 

Allen, 138, 166. 

Beesly, 4, 5, 14-16. " 

Leighton, 185-188. 

Liddell, 502-505, 507. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 208-210. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 138-140. 

Mommsen, iii. 92-94, 97, 98. 

Shuckburgh, 581, 692, 693. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 127, 128. 

Smith, World, ii. 553, 554, iii. 45, 46. 

Allen, 166. 

Beesly, 17-20. 

Froude, 20. 

Ihne, iv. 179, i8o v 192-194, 370. 



4 8 



Roman History 



Roman Citizen- 
ship 

( Continued. ) 



Tiberius Sempro- 
nius Gracchus 

A tolerably able, thor- 
oughly well-meaning, 
conservative patriot, 
who simply did not 
know what he was do- 
ing. — Mommsen. 

To charge a man with the 
design of usurping 
power, is the easiest 
way to ruin his popu- 
larity in a republic. — 
Machiavelli. 

The people of the city 
timidly gave way when 
they saw the nobles 
rushing along with fury 
in their eyes, and legs 
of benches and clubs 
in their hands, — 
Mommsen. 

Caius Sempronius 
Gracchus 

I know not whether he 
had any equal in elo- 
quence. — Cicero. 

There is scarce a fruitful 
idea in Roman mon- 
archy that is not trace- 
able to Caius Grac- 
chus. — Mommsen. 

It soon turned out that 
the political power had 
changed hands, for the 
Senate had now only 
the ranks, and the 
Equites had the pow- 
er." — Appian. 

The first instance in Ro- 
man history of head- 
money being offered 
and paid. — Long. 



Leighton, 184. 

Liddell, 192, 193. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 122-124 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 85. 

Mommsen, i. 539. 

Shuckburgh, 91, 202, 562, 563. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Civi- 

tas." 
Smith, World, ii. 327-329. 

Allen, 154-158. 

Beesly, 25-39. 

Florus, Bk. iii. chs. xiii., xiv. 

Froude, 22-28. 

Gilman, 167-171. 

Ihne, iv. 378-385, 388,391-396, 399, 400, 403- 

409. 
Leighton, 201-206. 
J Liddell, 519-526. 

Merivale, Geni Hist., 218, 219, 221-224. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 145, 146. 
Mommsen, iii. 111-120, 126. 
Plutarch, " Tiberius Gracchus." 
Shuckburgh, 552-556. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 149-154. 
Smith, World, iii, 4-14, 16-20. 
Yonge, 197-199. 

'Allen, 158-165. 
Beesly, 42-65. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. xv. 
Froude, 28-35. 
Gilman, 172-175. 
Ihne, iv. 438-480. 
Leighton, 206-214. 
Liddell, 536-544. 
Merivale, Gen'l. Hist., 224-230. 
Merrivale, Sh. Hist., 147-149. 
Mommsen, iii. 134-137, 148-160. 
Plutarch, ** Caius Gracchus." 
Shuckburgh, 558-567, especially 562-565. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 154-160. 
Smith, World, iii. 25-40. 
Yonge, 199-201. 



Period of Civil Dissensions Cains Marius 49 



Caius Marius 

" Scourge of the Roman Aristocracy " 

Myers 81-90 Pennell 99-113 Sheldon 171, 172, 177-180 

( Allen, 168. 
Beesly, 81-84. 
Froude, 41-43. 
Gilman, 175, 176. 
Ihne, v. 61, 336. 
Leighton, 219, 220. 
Liddell, 550, 551. 
Merivale, Gen , l Hist., 233-235. 
Merrivale, Sh. Hist., 152. 
Mommsen, iii. 237-240. 
Plutarch, " Marius. ,1 
Shuckburgh, 574, 575. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 161, 162. 
Smith, World, iii. 41, 59-61, 81-83. 
Yonge, 203, 204. 



Character and 
Early Training 
of Marius 



The mother of the Grac- 
chi cast the dust of her 
murdered sons into the 
air, and out of it sprang 
Caius Marius. — Mira- 
bean. 

He shared the food and 
-labors of the legiona- 
ries, even to working 
with them in the 
trenches. — Smith's 
Hist, of the World. 



War with Jugur- 
tha. 

It was the character of 
this war that the cam- 
paigns of arms were 
varied by interludes of 
treachery. — 6" in it It's 
Hist, of the World. 

'* Jugurtha knew by expe- 
rience that the knaves 
in the Senate had 
hitherto been a major- 
ity." 

A city for sale, and when 
the first buyer comes 
doomed to ruin ! — fu- 
gurtha on leaving 
Rome. 



Allen, 167, 168. 

Beesly, 67-73, 76-78, 80, 81. 

Florus, Bk. iii. ch. i. 

Froude, 35-41, 43-45. 

Gilman, 176-180. 

Ihne, v. 14-17, 22, 23, 50, 58-60, 71-76. 

Leighton, 215-221. 

Liddell, 548, 549, SS l SSS- 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 232-236. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 151-153. 

Mommsen, iii. 177-188, 192-197, 198-201. 

Shuckburgh, 570-574. 575"57 8 - 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 162-168. 

Smith, World, iii. 48-54. 56, 59-68. 

Yonge, 204. 



/"Allen, 168-170. 

xrr -xi. n- u • Beesly, 88-95. 

War with Cimbn J Florus? Bk ^ iL ch iiL 

and Teutons Froude, 46-50. 

^Gilman, 181, 182. 



So 



Roman History. 



War with Cimbri 
and Teutons 

(Continued.) 

The human avalanche 
which for thirteen 
years had alarmed the 
nations from the Dan- 
ube to the Ebro. — 
Mommsen. 



Marius' Lack of 
Statesmanship 

Gradually floundering in- 
to villany. — Beesiy. 

The voice of the law was 
drowned in the din of 
battle. — Mar ius. 



f Ihne, v. 97-101, 103-105, 107, 108, no, in. 

Leighton, 221-224. 

Liddell, 556-562. 

Merivale, Emp., i. 31, 204, 206. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 236-238. 
-{ Merivale, Sh. Hist., 150, 153-155. 

Mommsen, iii. 216-220, 227-235. 

Shuckburgh, 569, 570, 577-580. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 169-171. 

Smith, World, iii. 70-72, 73-77. 

Yonge, 204-209. 

Allen, 171, 172. 

Beesiy, 101-104, 106-108. 

Froude, 50-54. 

Gilman, 183-186. 

Ihne, v. 155-157, 166-169. 

Leighton, 226-230. 

Liddell, 567-571. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 241, 242. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 155, 156. 

Shuckburgh, 581-586. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 173-175. 

Smith, World, iii. 81-86. 

Yonge, 209. 



Social War 



f Allen, 172-175. 
Beesiy, 109, 112, 114-117, 121, 123, 126-128. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. xvii., xviii. 
Froude, 55-60, 63-64. 
Gilman, 186-188. 
Ihne, v. 176, 184, 185, 186, 187, 198, 199, 

207, 208, 210-212, 230. 
Leighton, 231-240. 
Liddell, 575-581. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 242, 243, 245-248. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 156-159. 
Mommsen, iii. 267-273, 281-283, 294-296, 

'297-3°°. 3° 2 > 3°3> 3°5-3°7, 31 *• 
Shuckburgh, 586-592. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 176-180. 
Smith, World, iii. 87-94. 
k Yonge, 209-211. 



Period of Civil Dissensions Lucius Cornelius Sulla 5 1 



Rivalry of Marius 
and Sulla 



Tell the Praetor you have 
seen Caius Marius, a 
fugitive sitting amidst 
the ruins of Carthage. 
— Message of Marius. 



/"Allen, 177-179. 
Beesly, 84, §5, 131-136, 137-146. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. xxi. 
Froude, 65-75. 
Gilman, 188-191. 
Ihne, v. 226, 227, 231, 232, 234-237, 318-324, 

328-330, 334-336- 
Leighton, 241-246. 
Liddell, 582-592. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 248-255. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 160-165. 
Mommsen, iii. 313, 317-328. 380-384, 387- 

39 1 - 

Shuckburgh, £92-599. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 181-185. 
Smith, World, iii. 68, 95-100. 
^Yonge, 212-218. 



Lucius Cornelius Sulla 

" Thou whose chariot rolled on fortune's wheel." — Byron 
Myers 87, 88, 90-92 Pennell 110-115 Sheldon 171, 172 



Sulla's Early 
Career 

The cold-blooded, calcu- 
lating, remorseless in- 
famy of his entire 
career excites a repul- 
sion we feel for no 
other great figure in 
history. — Beesly. 



Sulla's Rivalry 
with Marius 



Beesly, 84, 85. 
Froude, 60-64, 
Gilman, 175, 176, 180. 
Ihne, v. 69, 73-75, 227-229, 255, 256. 
Leighton, 241. 
Liddell, 553, 554. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 248, 249, 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 160. 
Mommsen, iii. 195-197. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 167, 168. 
Smith, World, iii. 66, 67. 
V Yonge, 212. 

Allen, 177, 178. 
Beesly, 84, 85, 131-136. 
Froude, 65-70. 
Gilman, 188-190. 
Ihne, v. 230, 234-238. 
Leighton, 241-243. 



52 



Roman History 



Sulla's Rivalry 
with Marius 

{Continued.) 



(Liddell, 582-585, 587, 588. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 249-255. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 160, 161. 
Mommsen, iii. 197, 296, 317-321. 
Shuckburgh, 576, 577, 592-594, 595, 596. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 181-183, 184. 
Smith, World, iii. 68, 92, 95, 96. 
Yonge, 212-214. 



Sulla goes against 

Mithridates 
Battles at Athens 
Piraeus 
Chaeronea 
Orchomenus 



Sulla's Dictator- 
ship 

His fine house killed this 
man ; a garden that ; 
a third, his hot baths. 
— Plutarch'' s Life of 
Si ilia. 

He had, in fact, done 
mischievously what 
the Gracchi would 
have done beneficent- 
ly. — Beesly. 



( Allen, 176-178. 
Beesly, 160-163, 165-169, 170-172. 
Froude, 70, 71. 
Gilman, 191, 192. 

Ihne, v., 276-278, 294, 298, 304-308. 
Leighton, 247-251. 
Liddell, 597-600. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 256-258. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 165, 166. 
Mommsen, iii. 328,360-368,370,371, 373-378. 
Shuckburgh, 617, 618, 621, 622, 623-627, 630- 

632, 633-637. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 186-189. 
Smith, World, iii. 108-112. 
Yonge, 219. 

Allen, 179, 185. 

Beesly, 174-176, 184-186, 191-194, 196-201, 

210-212. 
Froude, 78-91, 94-96, 97, 98. 
Gilman, 192-196. 
Ihne, v. 348, 349, 355, 360-366, 374-378, 382- 

387, 442. 
Leighton, 251-256, 259, 260. 
Liddell, 604, 608, 609, 610-615, 616, 618. 
Merivale, Gen , l Hist., 258-268. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 166-173. 
Mommsen, iii. 397-399, 409-411,418-420,422- 

427, 435, 436, 45M58. 
Shuckburgh, 640-642, 644-653, 654, 655. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 190-198. 
Smith, World, iii. 113, 115, 116, 118-121, 

124, 125. 
I Yonge, 220-227. 



Period of Civil Dissensions Mithridatic Wars 53 



Sulla, the Man 

If he had a lion's courage, 
the fox in him was even 
more to be feared. — 
Bee sly. 

The very antipodes of 
Marius in everything 
except bravery, good 
generalship, a/ad faith 
in his star. — Beesly. 



Allen, 177, 180-182. 
Beesly, 84, 185, 191-198, 200. 
Froude, 70, 94-96. 
Oilman, 193-197. 
Ihne, v. 427-453- 
Liddgll, 619. 
Merivale, Em p., i. 3 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist 

270. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 160, 16^-169, J 7 2 > 1 73- 
Mommsen, iii. 458-470. 
Plutarch, ii. " Sulla." 
Shuckburgh, 653, 654. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 193-196. 
Smith, World, iii. 124, 125. 
^ Yonge, 221-227. 



44, 54, 59, 61. 

248, 249, 260-264, 268- 



Mithridatic Wars 88-63 B - c - 



Myers 90, 97, 98 Pennel 111-114, 116-119, 120-122 Sheldon 172, 173 



( Allen, 176-178. 
Beesly, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156-172. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. v. 
Froude, 65, 66, 70, 71. 
Gilman, 189. 
Ihne, v. 255, 256, 265, 266, 271-280, 283-290, 

2 93- 2 97, 3 OI -3°8- 
Leighton, 247-251. 
Liddell, 594-600. 
Merivale, Em p., i. 42-44. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 249, 250, 256-258. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 160, 161, 165, 166. 
Mommsen, iii. 349"35 r > 355, 357"3 62 < 3 6 5< 

367, 368, 370-374- 
Shuckburgh, 617-619, 621, 622, 623-627, 630- 

632, 633-637. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 186-189. 
Smith, World, iii. 107-111. 
^ Yonge, 213, 219. 



First War, 88-84 

B.C. 
Battles at Athens 
Piraeus 
Chaeronea 
Orchomenus 



54 



Roman History 



Great Mithridatic 
War, 74-63 B.C. 
Mithridates aid- 
ed by Setorius 
in Spain divid- 
ing the Roman 
forces. 



Mithridates 



He was throughout an 
Oriental of the ordi- 
nary stamp ; coarse, 
full of the most sen- 
sual appetites, super- 
stitious, cruel, perfidi- 
ous, and unscrupulous. 
— Mommsen. 



Allen, 195, 196. 

Florus, Bk. iii. ch. v. 

Froude, 114-116, 126-130. 

Gilman, 218-220. 

Leighton, 275-283. 

Liddell, 622, 629-633, 635-638. 

Merivale, Emp., i. 44, 45. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 290-295. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 18-23. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 184-187. 

Mommsen, iv. 70, 71, 90, 94, 95, 148-151, 

158-161. 
Shuckburgh, 668-672, 673-677, 682-684, 687, 

688. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 205-209, 211-213. 
Smith, World, iii. 142, 143, 146-150. 
^ Yonge, 230-234. 

Allen, 176. 

Beesly, 151, 152. 

Froude, 62, 63. 

Ihne, v. 248-253. 

Liddell, 594. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 249 250. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 160. 

Mommsen, iii. 332-336. 

Shuckburgh, 603, 604, 606-608, 687, 688. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 186, 187. 

Smith, World, iii. 102-104. 

Yonge, 213. 



Cicero and Catiline 

Myers 98, 99 Pennell 126, 128-131, 172 Sheldon 173, 180-182 



Conspiracy of 
Catiline 

His prodigious crimes 
were enhanced by his 
great talents, whereof 
God had given him the 
use, and the Devil the 
application. — Smith' 's 
Hist, of the World. 



Allen, 198-200. 
Florus, Bk. iv. ch. i. 
Froude, 132-136, 144-161. 
Gilman, 204, 205, 221-223. 
Leighton, 285-287, 293-299. 
Liddell, 641, 642, 645-649. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 1 15-124. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 299-309. 



Period of Civil Dissensions Cicero and Catiline 5 5 



Conspiracy of 
Catiline 

{Continued.) 



Merivale, Roman Trium., 47-58. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 189-195. 
Mommsen, iv. 203-209, 212-223. 
Shuckburgh, 698, 700-705. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 217-221. 
Smith, World, iii. 184-193. 
Yonge, 234-241 



Biography of 
Cicero 



" With but one weakest 
weakness — vanity." 

But as for myself, good 
heavens ! how I showed 
off before my new 
hearer, Pompey. — Ci- 
cero to A tticus. 

I love Cicero as if I had 
known him, and I 
judge of him as I would 
of a near relation who 
had committed a folly. 
— Niebuhr. 



( Allen, 197-201, 228. 
Froude, 46, 94, 96, 97, 136, 163, 209, 210, 

213, 253, 256, 257, 528-531. 
Gilman, 201, 221-224, 260. 
Leighton, 287-293, 307, 308, 316, 346-349. 
Liddell, 651, 652, 658, 659, 664, 713, 714. 
Merivale, £mp., i. 75-79, 298-305, 335, iii. 

n-i3» 97> 9 8 > ^"Hi, I44-I53- 
Merivale, Gen*l Hist., 304, etc., 318-320, 

385-388, 389,391- 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 46, 47, 81, 82, 83- 

86, 188-194, 202-205. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 193, etc., 200, 201, 248- 

253- 
Mommsen, iv. 253, 378, 379, 724-727. 
Plutarch, iv. " Cicero. 1 ' 
Shuckburgh, 693, 694, 698, 700-705, 714, 

715, 754, 768, 772, 773. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 216-221, 227, 228, 254-257. 
Smith, World, iii. 80, 135-138, 183, 205-207, 

269-271. 
Yonge, 245, 246, 264-267. 



56 



Roman History 



First Triumvirate 

Florus Bk. iv. ch. ii. Myers 93-111 Pennell 116 127, 131 167 
Sheldon, 173, 174, 182-188 

CNEIUS POMPEIUS STRABO 



Pompey's Early- 
Career 



Allen, 193. 
Froude, 80, 81, 91. 
Gilman, 201. 
Leighton, 63, 64. 
Liddell, 604, 605, 617. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 68, 69. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 277. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 10, 11. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 177. 
Mommsen, iii. 400. 
Shuckburgh, 641, 651, 652. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 200, 201. 
Smith, World, iii. 80, 114, 127. 



Contest with 
Sertorius 



Allen, 191-193. 
Florus, iii. ch. xxii. 
Froude, 90, 99. 
Gilman, 199, 200, 209. 
Leighton, 263, 264. 
Liddell, 621-623, 625. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 38-42. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 278, 279. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 177, 178. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 13-16. 
Mommsen, iv. 30, 31, 33-35, 46-52. 
Shuckburgh, 660-663. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 200, 201, 202. 
Smith, World, iii. 130-132. 
V Yonge, 227. 



Contest with 
Pirates 



Allen, 195, 196. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. vi. 
Froude, 108-1 10, 123-126. 
Gilman, 217, 218. 
Leighton, 272-275. 



First Triumvirate Cncius Pomp cius Strabo 57 



Contest with 
Pirates 

{Continued.) 

Prepared for at the end 
of winter, begun at the 
opening of spring, and 
finished by the middle 
of summer. — Cicero, 
Lege Manilla. 



Liddell, 633-635. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 45-48. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 287-289. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 27-31 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 182, 183. 
Mommsen, iv. 142-144. 
Shuckburgh, 680, 681. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 209-211. 
Smith, World, iii. 141, 142. , 
Yonge, 229, 230. 



Pompey's Exploits 
in the East. 



f Allen, 195, 196, 197. 

Froude, 126-131. 

Oilman, 218-221. 

Leighton, 280-283. 

Liddell, 635-638. 

Merivale, Emp., i. 136-140. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 291-295. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 31-36. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 184-187. 

Mommsen, iv. 138, 139, 182, 183. 

Shuckburgh, 682-685, 687-691. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 211-213. 

Smith, World, iii. 148-150, 175-177. 
V Yonge, 230-234. 



The Triumvirate 

The civil wars and the 
triumvirates are the 
best vindication of the 
policy of the Gracchi, 
unless we can bring 
ourselves to fancy that 
the Gracchi created, 
instead of attempting 
wisely to satisfy, the 
demands of the age. — 
Bee sly. 

It was not the quarrel 
between Pompey and 
Caesar which was the 
origin of the civil war, 
but their union.— 
PI tit arch's Life of 
Caesar. 



Allen, 200, 202. 

Froude, 121, 182-184, 190-201, 271, 272, 277- 

2 79' 3 2 9-332, 372-378, 3 82 "3 8 4- 
Gilman, 224-226, 227, 228, 231-237. 
Leighton, 300, 301, 304-307, 315-318, 320- 

324. 
Liddell, 654-657, 666, 667, 668, 671, 672, 675, 

676. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 168-170, 175, 176, 332, 

333, 339' 34i, 342, 405- 406, ii. 48, 49' 8o ~ 

82. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 315-317. 322-324, 330, 

339^ 343' 344- 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 70-72, 74. 75. 79, 

80, 90, 92-95, 1 17-122. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 

220, 222, 223-225. 



58 



Roman History 



The Triumvirate 

(Continued.) 



Pharsalia 

Sulla could do it; why 
cannot I ? — Pompey 
on his intentions if 
victorious. 

Who would not approve 
that victory, in which 
not a man fell except 
in arms ? — Cicero on 
Caesar's use of victory. 



Death of Pompey -< 



Pompey — the 
Man 



Mommsen, iv. 240-242, 244, 248-250, 355, 
356, 360, 361, 370, 371, 395, 409, 410, 419, 
428-432. 

Shuckburgh, 708, 710-712, 716, 717, 725, 726, 

731-736- 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 225, 226, 235, 236, 238- 

240. 
Smith, World, iii. 201, 204, 205, 207-209, 

215, 216, 219-221. 
V Yonge, 242-250. 

Allen, 215, 216. 
Froude, 417, 428-435. 
Gilman, 244. 
Leighton, 329-332. 
Liddell, 683-685. 
Merivale, Emp., ii. 227, 235-238. 
Merivale, GerTl Hist., 357-359. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 232, 233. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 143-145. 
Mommsen, iv. 495-500, 503, 504. 
Shuckburgh, 744-746, 747, 748. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 243-245. 
Smith, World iii. 231-235. 
Yonge, 251. 

Allen, 216. 
Froude, 439-443- 
Gilman, 244. 
Leighton, 331, 332. 
Liddell, 685, 686. 
Merivale, Emp., ii. 241-246. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 358, 359. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 145, 146. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 233, 234. 
Mommsen, iv. 507-509. 
Shuckburgh, 746, 747. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 245. 
Smith, World, iii. 236-238. 
Yonge, 251. 

Allen' '193, 211. 

Froude, 177, 443, 444. 



First Triumvirate Marcus Liciniits Crass? is 59 



Pompey — the 
Man 

(Continued.) 

That stiff and stately pat- 
tern-soldier. — Momm- 
sen. 

Always ready to attach 
himself to that party 
which promised the 
greatest security for 
his interests, and the 
highest gratification for 
his vanity. — Smith's 
Hist, of the World. 



Gilman, 214-216. 

Liddell, 686. 

Merivale, Emp., i. 68-70, 163-166. 

Merivale, ii. 247-249. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 277, 287. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 26, 27. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 177-182. 

Mommsen, iv. 21-24. 

Plutarch, iii. " Pompeius." 

Shuckburgh, 747. 

Smith, World, iii. 198. 



Contest with 
Spartacus 



Crassus in the 
Triumvirate 

Death of Crassus 
in Syria 

Sate thyself with the 
metal of which in life 
thou wert so greedy. 
— Parthian King. 



MARCUS LICINIUS CRASSUS 

" Richest of the Romans " 



/'Allen, 193, 194. 

Florus, Bk. iii. ch. xx. 

Froude, 116-119. 

Gilman, 209-212. 

Leighton, 264-266. 

Liddell, 623-625. 

Merivale, Emp., i. 50-52. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 280-282. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 16-18. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist, 179. 

Mommsen, iv. 101, 102, 104-108. 

Shuckburgh, 663-666. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 202, 203. 

Smith, World, iii. 132, 133. 
v Yonge, 228. 

% 
See Triumvirate, page 57. 

' Allen, 202, 203. 

Florus, Bk. iii. ch. xi. 

Froude, 331. 

Gilman, 232-234. 

Leighton, 318-320. 

Liddell, 668, 669. 

Merivale, Emp., i. 411-414, 424-427. 
. Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 330-334. 



6o 



Roman History 



Death of Crassus 

( Continued.) 



Merivale, Roman Trium., 95, 96. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 217-219. 
Mommsen, iv. 395, 404, 405. 
Shuckburgh, 733, 734. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 236, 237. 
Smith, World, iii. 209-212. 



Crassus — the 
Man 



Allen. 194. 
Froude, 101. 

Gilman, 200, 201, 214-216. 
Leighton, 262, note 5. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 66-68. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 283. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 180. 
Mommsen, iv. 24-27. 
Plutarch, iii. " Crassus." 
Shuckburgh, 695. 



CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR 



Caesar's Early- 
Career 

In that boy are many 
Mariuses. — Sulla. 

In the consulship of Ju- 
lius and Caesar. — A 
Roman Wit. 



Allen, 200, 201. 

Froude, 55, 56, 76-78, 92-94, 106, 107, 137- 

139, 175, 176. 
Gilman, 205, 206. 
Leighton, 301-304. 
Liddell, 640, 641. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 90-100. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 283, 284, 297, 298. 
Merivale, Roman Uriuni., 36-38. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 180, 181. 
Mommsen, iv. 27-29, 239, 240. 
Plutarch, iii. "Caesar." 
Shuckburgh, 695-698, 704, 707, 708. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 214-216. 
V Smith, World, iii. 134, 135. 



Caesar in the Tri- 
umvirate 



j See Triumvirate, page 57. 



First Triumvirate Caiics Julius Caesar 61 



Conquest of Gaul 

Subjection of the 
Helvetians, Ari- 
ovistus, and the 
Belgians 

Invasions of Ger- 
many and Bri- 
tain 

Final revolt of 
Vercingetorix 

Gaul for the most part 
pursues two things 
most perseveringly — 
war and talking clev- 
erly. — Cato the Cen- 
sor. 



f Allen, 205-209. 
Florus, Bk. iii. ch. x. 
Froude, 220-222, 226, 227, 
241-246, 288-293, 295-2 

363- 

Gilman, 226-230. 
Leighton, 308-315. 
Liddell, 661-663, 669-671. 
Merivale, Emp., i. 237, 238, 250-253 
256, 260-262, 267, 268, 277-279, 281 



230-233> 237-239, 
>8, 341-343* 354- 



255* 
373- 



375* 378-381, 384* 387* 389* if- 12-14/29- 

34* 39- 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 320-322, 324-328. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 86-90, 102-104. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 202, 203, 204-206. 
Mommsen, iv. 288, 294-299, 300-302, 309- 

315, 324, 325, 337, 338, 342, 343. 
Shuckburgh, 719-723, 726-729, 730, 731. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 229-234. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 216-219. 



Caesar " Crosses 
the Rubicon " 

The die is cast. — Caesar. 



Pharsalia 



Zela 



1-94, 106, no, 129, 130, 



Allen, 210-215. 

Froude, 389-391, 394, 400-402, 406-416. 

Gilman, 238-243. 

Leighton, 325-329. 

Liddell, 676-678. 

Merivale, Emp., ii, 8< 

173. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 131 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 226-230. 
Mommsen, iv. 432, 433, 447, 

454, 474, 475. 
Shuckburgh, 737-743. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 241-243. 
Smith, World, iii. 223-227. 
V Yonge, 250-251. 



347-353- 



134, 136-141. 
448, 451, 453, 



See page 58. 

( Allen, 216. 

-j Froude, 452-456. 

[ Gilman, 245. 



62 



Roman History 



Zela 

( Continued.) 
" Veni, vidi, vici.' 



Thapsus 



Munda 



"Imperator" 



Leighton, 332, 333. 

Liddell, 690. 

Merivale, Emp., ii. 271-273. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 360, 361. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 147, 148. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist , 234, 235. 

Mommsen, iv. 517, 518. 

Shuckburgh, 749, 750. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 246. 

Smith, World, iii. 241. 

V Yonge, 252-254. 

Allen, 217. 

Froude, 457-459, 462-467. 

Gil man, 245. 

Leighton, 334. 

Liddell, 691. 

Merivale, Emp., ii. 294-296. 

Merivale, Geirl Hist., 362-364. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 236. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 1 51-154. 

Mommsen, iv. 531-533, 535. 

Shuckburgh, 750-754. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 246, 247. 

Smith, World, iii. 245. 

V Yonge, 254-257. 

r Allen, 219. 

Froude, 477-483. 

Gilman, 248. 

Leighton, 339, 340. 

Liddell, 693, 694. 

Merivale, Emp., ii. 315-317. 

Merivale, Geirl Hist., 367. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 163, 164. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 238. 

Shuckburgh, 755, 756. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 248. 

Smith, World, iii. 251. 
^ Yonge, 258. 

f Allen, 218-221. 
\ Dennie, 114. 



First Triumvirate Cains Julius Caesar 63 



" Imperator " 

(Continued.) 
The new wine might not 
be put into old bot- 
tles; here is a new 
name for the new 
thing. — Mommsen. 

An ambition, which, 
starting with the motto 
"aut Caesar, aut nul- 
lus," worked it out to 

* the issue that Caius 
Julius should be Cae- 
sar, and every other 
Roman n u 11 us. — 
Small's " Hist, of the 
World." 



r Froude, 457-462, 471-475, 486-492. 
Gilman, 246-249. 
Leighton, 332-339. 
Liddell, 692-699. 

Merivale, Emp., ii. 306-311, 322-326. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 367-373. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 157-162, 164-172. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 237-242. 
Mommsen, iv. 561-571, 662-665. 
Shuckburgh, 750, 754, 756-758. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 247-249. 
Smith, World, iii. 242, 243, 248-251. 
Yonge, 257-260. 



Assassination 
Caesar 



of 



Beware the Ides of March. 
— Shakspeare' 's " Ju- 
lius Caesar" 
Et tu Brute. — Caesar. 



Allen, 221-223. 

Froude, 491-493, 502-514, 525, 526. 
Gilman, 249-251. 
Leighton, 340-343- 
Liddell, 699-701. 
Merivale, Emp., ii. 373-384. 
Merivale, Gen r l Hist., 374-378. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 172-175. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 242-245. 
Shakspeare, "Julius Caesar. " 
Shuckburgh, 758-762. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 249, 250. 
Smith, World, iii. 256-259. 
V Yonge, 260-262. 



Character of 
Caesar 

He was great iu every- 
thing he undertook, as 
a captain, a statesman, 
a lawgiver, a jurist, an 
orator, a poet, an his- 
torian, a grammarian, 
a mathematician, and 
an architect. — Dru- 
mann. 

Perfection. — Mommsen. 



Allen, 225. 

Froude, 468-470, 537-550. 

Leighton, 303, 304. 

Liddell, 701, 702. 

Merivale, Emp., ii. 388-394. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 229, 283, 284, 317. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 123-130, 175-178. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 180, 181, 199, 200, 216, 

217, 241, 242. 
Mommsen, iv. 538-547. 
Shuckburgh, 747. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 250, 251. 
Smith, World, iii. 182, 183, 259, 260. 



6 4 



Roman History 



Second Triumvirate 

Capes Early Emp. 1-6 Myers 112-117 Pennel 168-172 
Sheldon 174-176, 188, 189 

MARCUS ANTONIUS 



Caesars Executor - 



/Allen, 223, 224. 

Florus, Bk. iv. ch. iv. 

Froude, 515-524. 

Gilman, 251-254. 

Leigh ton, 343"345- 

Liddell, 703-706. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 14, 15, 38-42, 49-51. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 378-382. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 178, 179, 1-81-183, 
184, 185. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 245-247 

Shepard, 18. 

Shuckburgh, 763-766. 

Smith, 252, 253. 

Smith, World, iii. 262-265. 
^Yonge, 263, 264. 



Rivalry bet w e e n 
Antony and 
Octavius 



Allen, 226, 227. 

Florus, Bk. iv. chs. iv, v. 

Gilman, 257, 258. 

Leighton, 346-348. 

Liddell, 707-711. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 89, 114. 

Merivale, Geni Hist., 385-389. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 192-196. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 249-251. 

Shepard, 19. 

Shuckburgh, 767-771. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 254, 255. 

Smith, World, iii. 269, 270, 272. 

Yonge, 264, 265. 



^ 



Second Triumvirate Marcus Antonms 



65 



Philippics of 
Cicero 

' ' They pretended, like 
their immortal proto- 
types, to be the last 
indignant assertion of 
a country's freedom 
against a daring ag- 
gressor." 



Allen, 227. 

Gilman, 257, 258. 

Leighton, 346, 347. 

Liddell, 708, 709. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 94-96, 11 9-1 21. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 385-387. 

Merivale, Roman Tfium., 193-195. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 249, 250. 

Shuckburgh, 768. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 254. 

Smith, World, iii. 269-272. 

Yonge, 264. 



The Second 
Triumvirate 

The second triumvirate 
differed from the first 
by the claim to be a 
formally constituted, 
though self-appointed, 
authority. — S m ittfs 
Hist, of the World. 



f Allen, 227, 228. 
Florus, Bk. iv. ch. vi. 
Froude, 527-530. 
Gilman, 258-260. 
Leighton, 348, 349. 
Liddell, 711-713, 720, 725. 
Merivale, Emp., iii. 136-140, 184, 185, 197, 

198. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 389-391, 397. 
Merivale, Roman Trimn., 196, 199-203. 219. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 251, 252. 
Plutarch, " Antonius." 
Shepard, 19, 20. 
Shuckburgh, 771-773, 776, yyy. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 256, 257, 264, 266. 
Smith, World, iii. 274, 275, 281, 284. 
Yonge., 265-267. 



Philippi 

The republic peri shed 
finally on the field of 
P h i 1 i ppi. — Smith'' s 
Hist, of the World. 



Allen, 228. 

Florus, Bk. iv. ch. vii. 

Gilman, 261. 

Leighton, 349-35 1 - 

Liddell, 715-718. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 161, 162, 165-170. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 293-295. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 210-212. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 253, 254. 

Phitarch, " Brutus." 

Shepard, 20, 21. 



66 



Roman History 



Philippi {Continued.) 



Shuckburgh, 773-775. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 258-261. 
Smith, World, iii. 276-278. 
Yonge, 267-269. 



Cleopatra 

"The serpent of the 

Nile." 



Allen, 228, 229. 

Florus, Bk. iv. ch. xi. 

Oilman, 262-264, 266-268. 

Leighton, 351, 355, 356. 

Liddell, 720, 725, 726. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 175, 176. 220, 227 ; 223. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 395, 396, 402. 

Merivale, Roman Trium.,214, 215, 221, 222. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 255, 258, 259. 

Shepard, 21, 22. 

Shuckburgh, 776, 777-779, 781, 782. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 262, 263, 267. 

Smith, World, iii. 279, 287, 288. 

Yonge, 269, 270. 



Actium 

The decision of the 
World's debate. — 
Merivale. 

Where once was lost 
A world for woman. 

Byron. 



f Allen, 229. 
Florus, Bk. iv. ch. xi. 
Gilman, 268. 
Leighton, 357-359. 
Liddell, 726-728. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 236, 248-253, 255, 256. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 403-406. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 224-226. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 259-261. 
Shepard, 22, 23. 
Shuckburgh, 779-781. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 268, 269. 
Smith, World, iii. 289, 290, 292 296. 
Yonge, 270, 271. 



Death of Antony 



" He cast away the em- 
pire of the world, to 
play the despot and 
the lover." 



r Allen, 229. 
Gilman, 268-270. 
Leighton. 359, 360. 
Liddell, 728. 729. 
Merivale. Emp., iii. 265. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 408. 



Second Triumvirate Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 6 J 



The only man who had 
shown himself able, 
and whom the events 
of fourteen years had 
proved not at ail un- 
worthy, to contest the 
prize of empire with 
the younger Caesar. — 
Smith's Hist, of the 
World. 



f Merivale, Roman Trium., 22S 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 262. 

Shepard, 23. 

Shuckburgh, 782. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 269. 

Smith', World, iii. 298, 299. 
^ Yonge, 271. 



229. 



MARCUS AEMILIUS LEPIDUS 



Lepidus 
Second 
virate 



in the 
Trium- 



Lepidus discarded 



Octavius, Caesar's 
Heir 



See Second Triumvirate, page 65. 

Allen, 228. 

Gilman, 261, 266, 267. 

Leighton, 351, 354. 

Liddell,' 724. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 202, 203. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 395, 399. 

Merivale, Roman Trium., 219. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 257. 

Shepard, 21. 

Shuckburgh, yyy. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 266. 

Smith, World, iii. 285. 

Yonge, 270. 

CAIUS OCTAVIUS 

f Allen, 226. 
Dennie, 122-124. 
Froude, 526, 527. 
Gilman, 255-257. 
Leighton, 345, 346. 
Liddell, 706, 707. 
Merivale, Emp., iii. 55-57. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 382, 383. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 185-187 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 247, 248. 
Shepard, 18. 
Shuckburgh, 766, 767. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 253, 254. 
Smith, World, iii. 266, 267. 
Yonge, 264. 



6S 



Roman History 



Rivalry between c 
Antony and Oc- j See page 64. 
tavius ^ 

Octavius in the c 

Second Trium- \ See Second Triumvirate, page 65. 
virate ^ 



Philippi 



Octavius gets Con- 
trol of Italy 



Actium 



Octavius, Sole 
Ruler 



See page 65. 

' Gilman, 262, 263, 264. 
Leighton, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357. 
Liddell, 720-722, 726. 
Merivale, Emp., iii. 176, 177, 207-211. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 395, 403. 
Merivale, Roma^n Trium., 219, 220. 
Merivale,. Sh. Hist., 255-258, 259. 
Shuckburgh, 775-777. 
Smith, Sin. Hist., 263, 267. 
Smith, World, iii. 285, 286. 

See page 66. 

' Allen, 229, 230. 
Gilman, 270. 
Leighton, 360, 361. 
Liddell, 730. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 310, 311. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 409, 410. 
Merivale, Roman Trium., 226, 227, 230-232. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 263. 
Shepard, 23-26. 
Shuckburgh, 782, 783. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 267-270. 
Smith, World, iii. 303, 304. 
Yonge, 273. 



Special Features of Roman Life 



Roman Military 
Organizations, 
Weapons, etc. 



Dodge, " Hannibal. " 

Leighton, 365-383. 

Shuckburgh, 214-218. 

Smith, Die. of G. & R. Antiquities. 



The Empire Jtdian Emperors 



69 



Roman Manners, 
Customs, Edu- 
cation, etc. 



Bury, 591-626. 

Becker's " Gallus." 

Dennie, " Rome of To-day and Yesterday," 

Gilman, 271-332. 

Lanciani, "Ancient Rome in the Light of 

Recent Excavations." 
Leighton, 385-415. 
Merivale, Emp., iv. 388-435. 
Pennell, 213-246. 
Shuckburgh, 656-658. 
Shumway, " A Day in Ancient Rome. 1 ' 
I Smith, Die. of G. & R. Antiquities. 

Fictio)i : — 
Church: Two Thousand Years Ago (74 B.C. The Times of the Mithri- 

datic Wars). 
Eckstein: Prusias (73 B.C. The Times of Spartacus). 
Herbert: Roman Traitor (62 B.C. Times of Catiline). 
Shakspeare: Julius Caesar (44 B.C. Assassination of Caesar). 
Shakspeare: Antony and Cleopatra (31 B.C. Second Triumvirate). 



Form of 
Government 



THE EMPIRE 

30 B.C. -476 A.D. 
Sheldon 192-212 

Julian Emperors 30 B.C.-41 A.D. 

Augustus 30 B.c-14 a.d. 

Myers 119-123 Pennell 173-181 Sheldon 212 

' Allen, 231, 232. 
Bury, 12-14, J 8, 28, 31, 32. 
Capes, Early Emp., 11-16, 18-21. 
Leighton, 417-425. 
Liddell, 733. 

Merivale, Emp., iii. 335, 386. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 411-413. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 263-265. 
Shepard, 23-28, 33. 
Shuckburgh, 783-785. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 270, 286, 289, 290. 
Smith, World, iii. 308, 310, 311, 313, 314. 
Yonge, 273, 274, 277, 278. 



70 



Roman History 



Military Opera- 
tions along 
Danube and 
Rhine 



Birth of Christ 



Imperial Praefects 
and Praetorian < 
Guard ' 



( Allen, 232, 233. 
Bury, 70. 

Capes, Early Emp., 16, 17. 
Leighton, 423, 424. 

Merivale, Emp., iii., 402, 403, 412, 413. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 271. 
Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Prae- 

fectus Urbi." 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 290. 
Smith, World, iii. 319, 320, 321. 

' Allen, 233-236. 

Bury, 126-130, 131, 132. 

Capes, Early Emp., 34. 

Leighton, 430-433. 

Merivale, Emp., iv. 89-91, 158-160, 189-191. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 431-433, 434-436. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 274, 275-277. 

Shepard, 34, 37, 38. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 291. 

Smith, World, iii. 330, 331, 342. 
. Yonge, 283. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist, 280, 281. 
Yonge, 277. 



Defeat of Varus 



Never trust the promises 
thy foe's kinsman 
makes thee . — Lay of 
Sigfurde. 

Oh Varus ! Varus ! give 
me back my legions. 
— A tigustus. 



Family of 
Augustus 

"Ulysses in petticoats." 
— Caligula' s name for 
Augustus^ wife. 



Allen, 236, 237. 

Bury, 134-137- 

Capes, Early Emp., 35, 36. 

Creasy, ch. v. 

Leighton, 435"437- 

Merivale, Emp., iv. 268-274, 277, 278. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 436-438. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 279. 

Shepard, 38-41. 

Smith, World, iii. 349-353. 

Smith, Sm. Hist., 291. 

Yonge, 283, 284. 

{Allen, 233. 
Bury, 46, 53, 54. 
Capes, Early Emp., 29-34. 
Leighton, 434, 435. 
Merivale, Emp., iv. 197, 198, 210, 211, 221. 



The Empire Aligns tan Age 



7i 



Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 429, 430, 434. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 274, 275, 278. 
Augustus < Shepard, 29, 30 34, 35- 

(Continued) I Smlth ' Sm " HlSt *' 2 9 l ~ 2 93- 
Continued.) Sm[t ^ World? iii# ^^ 344. 

\ Yonge, 280-283. 



Personal Character 
and Statesman- 
ship of Augus- 
tus 



r Allen, 237. 

Bury, 2, 138. 

Capes, Early Emp., 6-9, 20, 21. 

Leighton, 424-430, 437, 43 8 - 

Merivale, Emp., iv. 50, 231, 232. 
< Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 414, 415, 417, 418, 
420. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 267, 268, 269. 

Shepard, 28, 29, 42, 43, 91. 

Shuckburgh, 782. 
V Yonge, 274. 



Architectural 

Works 
Basilica Julia 
Public Squares 
Pantheon 



I found Rome of brick 
and have left if of 
marble. — A ugustus. 



AUGUSTAN AGE 

f Allen, 238, 239. 
Bury, 141, 145. 
Capes, Early Emp., 22, 25. 
Dennie, 120-122, 137-140, 142-145, 150-155. 
Liddell, 748, 749. 
Merivale, Emp., iii. 339, 340. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 667-669. 
Shuckburgh, 790, 791. 
Shumway, 9, 44. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, '•Ba- 
silica. 1 ' 



Literature 
Vergil, 
Horace 
Ovid 
Livy 
Sallust 
Kepos 



r Allen, 239^242. 

Bury, I49-I53< I54"i5 6 > l S7, 15 8 ' l S9> l6 ° 

Capes, Early Emp., 28, 37, 38. 
Gilman, 305-31 1. 
Liddell, 744-747. 

Merivale, Emp., iv. 435-437, 443, 452, 463. 
Shepard, 43, 44. 
Shuckburgh, 788, 789, 790. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 272, 277-282, 284, 285. 
^ Yonge, 279, 280. 



72 



Roman History 



Tiberius 14-37 a.d. 



Allen 243-249 Leighton 440-444 Merivale Sh. Hist. 280-288 Myers 123-127 
Pennel 182-184 Sheldon 213, 218, 219 Smith Sm. Hist. 295-299 Yonge 285-292 



Government of 
Provinces 

A good shepherd shears, 
but does not flay, his 
sheep. — Tiberius. 

Law of "Majes- 
tas" and " Del- 
ators' * 

Through every social 
class and circle the 
poison of suspicion 
spread, for every friend 
might prove a traitor. 
— Capes. 



Sejanus 



{Bury, 191, 192. 
Capes, Early Emp., 70. 
Merivale, Emp., v. 144-146, 263-265. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 457. 

r Bury, 194, 195. 
Capes, Early Emp., 57-62. 
Merivale, Emp., v. 123-125, 130, 136. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 446, 447. 
Shepard, 69, 70, 74, 75. 
Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, "Del- 

atores r and " Majestas." 
Smith, World, iii. 371. 



Bury, 196-198, 202-204. 

Capes, Early Emp., 62, 63, 65-67. 

Merivale, Emp., v. 93-95, 218-227. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 449, 450-453. 

Shepard, 75-79, 83-88. 

Smith, World, iii. 373~375> 375~379- 



r Bury, 199, 200. 

Capes, Early Emp., 63-65, 68, 69. 

•o -j *. n„~ 1 J Merivale, Emp., v. 203-205, 207-210, 232. 

Residence at Capri 1 Merivale ' Ge & ' Hist> \ 53 ^ 54 f j 

Shepard, 79, 81, 90, 91. 
I Smith, World, iii. 375, 376, 379, 381, 382. 



Crucifixion of 
Christ 

Character of 
Tiberius 

Alas for my people ! to ■< 
be ground between 
jaws that move so 
slowly and relent- 
lessly ! — A ugustus. 



Bible, Gospels. 
Shepard, 88, 89. 

Bury, 210, 211, 212, 213. 

Capes, Early Emp., 56, 57, 70, 72, 74. 

Merivale, Emp., iv. 171-173, v. 9, 16, 17, 26, 

156-158, 255-258. 
Merivale, Geml Hist., 456, 457. 
Shepard, 91, 92. 
Smith, World, iii. 354, 359, 360. 



The Empire Clatidian Emperors 



n 



Love of Amphi- 
theatre 
Extravagance 
Impiety 

After all, they are to be 
pitied more than 
blamed, poor fools, 
who cannot believe 
that I am a god.— 
Caligula to a Jewish 
deputation. 



Caligula 37-41 a.d. 

" Little Boots " 

Allen, 249. 

Bury, 220-222, 226, 227. 

Capes, Early Emp., 74-84. 

Leighton, 444, 445. 

Merivale, Emp., v. 292, 293, 298-301, 314, 

3 r 5> 3 2 9-336, 3 6l > 3 62 - 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 458-465. 
Merivale, Sh. Hist., 288-291. 
Myers, 127, 128. 
Pennell, 185. 
Shepard, 92-100. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 299, 300. 
Smith, World, iii. 382-389. 
V Yonge, 292-296. 



Claudian Emperors 41-68 A.D. 

Claudius 41-54 a.d. 

Allen 250, 251 Leighton 446-448 Merivale Sh. Hist. 291-295 Myers 128, 129, 
Pennell 185, 186 Smith Sm. Hist. 300, 301 Yonge 297-300 



Invasion of 
Germany 



r Bury, 239. 

X Merivale, Emp., v. 377. 

(. Smith, World, iii. 392, 393. 



Conquest of 
Britain 



Bury, 260-262, 263-265. 

Capes, Early Emp., 92, 95, 96. 

Merivale, Emp., v. 378, vi. 21, 22, 24, 25, 

35-37- 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 468, 469. 
Shepard, 107, 108. 
Smith, World iii. 396-398. 



f Bury, 241, 243. 
Eastern Provinces X Merivale, Emp,, v. 379, 380. 
I Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 469. 



74 



Roman History 



Public Works 

Claudian Aque- 
duct 

New Harbor at 
Mouth of Tiber 



Bury, 237. 

Dennie, 186-190. 

Merivale, Emp., v, 390-393. 

Shepard, 104. 

Smith, World, iii. 399, 400. 

Lanciani, 237-241. 



Messalina 

A byword for unbounded 
wantonness, without 
disguise or shame. — 
Capes. 

The Roman Jezebel. — 
Capes. 



r Bury, 245-250. 

Capes, Early Emp., 97-99. 

Merivale, Emp., v. 400-402, 426, 436. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 470, 471. 

Shepard, 105, 108-110. 
I Smith, World, iii. 401-403. 



Agrippina 



r Bury, 250-255. 
Capes, Early Emp., 99-101, 108- no. 
Merivale, Emp., v. 440, 447, 451, 456, 457. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 472, 473. 
Shepard, no, in. 
Smith, W T orld, iii. 403, 404. 



Character and 
Early Training 
of Claudius 



The puppet of his wives 
and freedmen. — 
Capes. 



^-87, 93, 94. 

248,249, 366-368, 370, 



"Bury, 232, 233. 

Capes, Early Emp. 

Merivale, Emp., \ 
459' 46o. 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 465, 467, 474. 

Shepard, 101-103. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 390, 391. 



Nero 54-68 ajd. 

Allen 251-254 Leighton 448-451 Merivale Sh. Hist. 295-302 Myers 129-131 
Pennell I86-189 Sheldon 213, 219, 220 Smith Sm. Hist. 301, 302 Yonge 
300 304 



Early Promise un- 
der Tutorship of 
Seneca and 
Burrhus. 



Bury, 274, 275. 
Capes, Early Emp., 104-108. 
Merivale, Emp.. vi. 56, 68, 84, 85. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 474, 475, 477. 
Smith, World, iii. 406-409. 



The Empire Nero 



75 



Poppaea 



' Bury, 278, 282, 283. 
Capes, Early Emp., 117, 125. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 96, 97, 122-124. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 478-480. 
Shepard, 123. 
Smith, World, iii. 414, 415, 418. 

Tigellinus f Bury, 281, 282. 

J Capes, Early Emp., 115, 124, 125. 
"Prime minister to Ne- 1 Merivale, Emp., vi. 118, 119. 
ro's vices." ^ Smith, World, iii. 417, 418. 

Proscription of f Bury, 284. 

Nobles Capes, Early Emp., 116. 

1 Merivale, Emp., vi. 252. 
T °it re 4as rm S po £ Sbie an to Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 480. 

fly. — Gibbon. \ Smith, World, iii. 423, 424. 



Great Fire of July 
18, 64 

The visitation scarcely 
fell more severely up- 
on Rome itself, than 
upon the provinces, 
which were fleeced by 
exactions and down- 
right pillage for the 
rebuilding of the city. 
— Smith's Hist, of 
the World. 



Persecution of 
Christians. 



Rebuilding of 

Rome 
Golden House of 

Nero 



Bury, 285, 286. 

Capes, Early Emp., 113, 114. 

Dennie, 193, 194. 

Lanciani, 122, 123. 

Merivale, Emp., vi. 132-134. 

Merivale, Geirl Hist., 480, 48 

Shepard, 124. 

Smith, World, iii. 418, 419 



1, 671 



Bury, 287, 288. 
Capes, Early Emp., 116. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 134, 135. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 481, 482. 
Shepard, 124, 125. 
I Smith, World, iii. 419, 420. 

Bury, 286. 

Capes, Early Emp., 114, 115. 
Dennie, 192, 193, 194, 195. 
Lanciana, 123-125. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 135-140. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 485, 671.. 
Shepard, 125. 
k Smith, World, iii. 421, 422. 



7 6 



Roman History 



Death of Nero 



Character of Nero 

No human being ever 
played such fantastic 
tricks before high 
Heaven as this last 
and most degenerate 
of the Caesars. 
— Dennie. 



^Bury, 296, 297. 

Capes, Early Emp., 126, 127. 

Merivale, Emp., vi. 281, 282, 285-288. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 485-^.87. 

Shepard, 133, 135. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 427, 428, 429, 430. 



Bury, 298. 

Capes, 107, in, 112, 128. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 246-251 
Shepard, 112-115, 121, 122. 

Smith, World, iii. 417. 



Three Soldier Emperors 

68, 69 A.D. 

The fatal secret had been learned, that emperors were not made at Rome 
alone. — Capes. 

Allen 255 Leighton 451, 452 Merivale Sh. Hist. 302-307 Myers 131 
Pennell 189 Sheldon 214-216 Smith Sm. Hist. 302 Yonge 305. 



Galba 



Thou too, child, shalt one 
day taste our empire. 
— Augustus. 



Otho 



Vitellius 



Bury, 325, 326. 

Capes, Early Emp., 125, 126, 128-134. 

Merivale, Emp., vi. 281. 293, 295, 296, 309- 

Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 488-491. 
Shepard, 136-142. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 428, 429, 432, 433-435. 

' Bury, 328, 329, 336, 337. 
Capes, Early Emp., 132, 133, 134-138. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 314, 315, 319, 320, 324, 

335-337- 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 489-493. 
Shepard, 143-147. 
1^ Smith, World, iii. 435-437. 

Bury, 329-331, 338-340, 342, 344, 345-347- 
Capes, Early Emp., 136, 137, 139-147. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 339, 342, 350, 351, 352, 
353> 369-371. 






The Empire Flavian Emperors 



77 



i Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 492-499. 
Vitellius {Continued.) \ Shepard, 148-158. 

Smith, World, iii. 438-440, 444. 



Flavian Emperors 

69-96 A.D. 

Vespasian 69-79 a.d. 

Allen 255 258 Leighton 452-454 Merivale Sh. Hist. 309-315 Myers 131-133 
Pennell igo, 191 Smith Sm. Hist. 302, 303 Yonge 305-310 

Bury, 353, 357-359^ 359> 3^o, 361-364, 3 6 5, 

366. 
Capes, Early Emp., 151, 152. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 387, 388, 394, 410. 
Merivale, Gen , l Hist., 502, 503. 
Shepard, 162. 
s Smith, World, iii. 447-450. 



Revolt in Germany 
and Gaul 



Conquest of 
Jerusalem 



f Bury, 368-372. 
Capes, Early Emp., 154-156. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 428, 456-458, 465, 471. 
Merivale, Geri'l Hist., 503-509. 
Shepard, 162, 163. . 

Smith, World, iii. 451, 571, 575-577, 580, 
581. 



Arch of Titus 



f 



Bury, 372. 
Capes, Early Emp., 156. 
Dennie, 242, 243. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 472. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 511. 
Shumway, 54. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 581. 



Agricola in 
Britain 



(Bury, 399, 401. 
Capes, Early Emp., 178, 179. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 70-73. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 499-502. 
Smith, World, iii. 473. 



78 



Roman History 



Character and 
Early Training 
of Vespasian 

All! methinks I am be- 
coming a god ! — Ves- 
pasian dying. 



Bury, 375. 

Capes, Early Emp., 147-149, 157. 
Merivale, Emp., vi. 346-348, vii. 16-20. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 509, 510. 
Shepard, 1 58-161, 164. 
I Smith, World, iii. 440, 441, 451, 452. 



Titus 79-81 a.d. 

" The Delight of Mankind " 

Allen 258, 259 Leighton 454-456 Merivale Gen'l Hist. 513-515 

Merivale Sh. Hist. 315, 316 Myers 133, 134 Pennell 191, 192 

Shepard 165-169 Smith Sm. Hist. 304 Yonge 310-313 

(Bury, 381, 382. 
Mild Character J Capes, Early Emp., 162-164, J 66, 167. 
of Rule I Merivale, Emp., vii. 42, 46-48, 50, 51. 

^ Smith, World, iii. 454, 455, 462, 463, 464. 

(Bury, 383. 
Capes, Early Emp., 168-171. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 57-62. 
Smith, World, iii. 458-461. 



Pliny the Elder 



Bury, 466, 467. 
Capes, Early Emp., 168, 169. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 59-61. 
Smith, World, iii. 459, 460. 



Colosseum 



Bury, 620-622. 
Capes, Early Emp., 164. 
Dennie, 219-224, 226. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 35-40, 49, 50. 
Shumway, 68, 69. 

Smith, Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, 
phitheatrum. 11 
^ Smith, World, iii. 453, 462. 



Am- 



The Empire The Five Good Emperors 79 



DOMITIAN 81-96 A.D. 

Allen 259, 260 Leighton 456, 457 Merivale Gen'l Hist. 515-520 
Merivale Sh. Hist. 316-318 Myers 134, 135 Pennell 192 
Shepard 170-175 Smith Sm. Hist. 305 Yonge 313-316 



Delators 

. The rise and fall of the 
informers was a sort of 
weather-gauge of the 
moral atmosphere 
around. — Capes. » 



Bury, 391. 

Capes, Early Emp., 174. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 129-131. 
Smith, World, iii. 475. 



Establishes Ger- 
man Frontier by 
Line of Fortifi- 
cations 



Bury, 404, 405. 

Capes, Early Emp., 175, 176. 



(Bury, 383-385, 392. 
Capes, Early Emp., 171-173, 177, 180. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 63, 67, 68, 153, 154. 
Smith, World, iii. 465-469, 480. 



The Five Good Emperors 96-180 A.D. 

If a man were called to fix the period in the history of the world during which 
the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous, he would with- 
out hesitation name that which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the acces- 
sion of Commodus. — Gibbon. 



An Uneventful 
Reign 

N e r v a Caesar mingled 
things which had hith- 
erto been incompatible 
— the principate and 
liberty. — Tacitus. 



NERVA 96-98 A.D. 

f Allen, 261. 
Bury, 413, 414, 416, 417. 
Capes, Antonines, 1-7. 
Leighton, 458. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 159-162, 164-166, 

169. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 521, 522. 
^Merivale, Sh. Hist., 319. 



8o 



Roman History 



An Uneventful 

Reign (Continued.) 

Nerva Caesar mingled 
things which had hith- 
erto been incompatible 
— the principate and 
liberty. — Tacitus. 



Myers, 135. 
Permell, 193. 
Sheparcl, 176-179. 
Smith, Sm. Hist., 306. 
Smith, World, iii. 483-486. 
Yonge, 317, 318. 



Trajan 98-117 a.d 
Roman Empire at Height of Power and Extent 

May you be happier than Augustus, and better than Trajan. — Roman Senate 

Allen 261-268 Leighton 458-460 Merivale Sh. Hist. 320-323 Myers 135 137 
Pennell 193, 194 Sheldon 216, 217 Smith Sm. Hist. 307-309 Yonge 318-320 



Conquest of Dacia 



Column and Forum 
of Trajan 



Bury, 421-428. 

Capes, Antonines, 29-38. 

Dennie, 260, 261. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 181, 186, 189, 193-195. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 524, 525. 

Shepard, 181,183. 

Smith, World, iii. 490, 491, 492, 493. 

Bury, 427, 428, 438. 

Capes, Antonines, 38-40. 

Dennie, 261-267. 

Lanciani, 85-89. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 186, 187, 197-200. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 525. 

Smith, World, iii. 494. 



f Bury, 430, 431. 
Conquest of Arabia J Capes, Antonines, 40. 

Petraea | Merivale, Emp., vii. 200, 201. 

y Smith, World, iii. 495. 



Conquest of 
Parthia 



Bury, 449-453; 454, 455- 

Capes, Antonines, 42-49. 

Merivale, Emp,, vii. 297, 298. 305-307. 
] Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 526-528. 

Shepard, 184-186. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 497-500. 



The Empire The Five Good Emperors 81 



Persecution of 
Christians in the 
East 



Bury, 445-448. 

Capes, Antonines, 141-143. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 288-292. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 528, 529. 

Shepard, 183, 184. 

Smith, World, iii. 593-596. 



Early Tr a i n i n g 
and Character 



(Bury, 417. 4i8, 434- 

Capes, Antonines, 7-9, 11-13, 49, 50. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 173-175, 217-219. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 522-524. 

Shepard, 179-181. 
I Smith, World, iii. 487-490. 



SILVER AGE OF LATIN LITERATURE 

T«Hfii« ( BUry ' 4 ° 2 ' 468 ' 475-484. 

xacixus Capes, Antonines, 26, 100, 141, 142. 

Pliny the Younger I Capes, Early Emp., 223, 225. 

Quintilian 1 Merivale, Emp., vii. 225, 226, 250-252, 274- 

^ Shepard, 206. 



Hadrian 1 17-138 a. d. 

Allen 268, 269 Leighton 460-464 Merivale Sh. Hist. 323-326 Myers 137-139 
Pennell 194, 195 Smith Sm. Hist. 309-312 Yonge 320, 321 



Travels through 
Empire 



Bury, 496, 497. 

Capes, Antonines, 55-60. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 341, 342. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 532, 533. 

Shepard, 191. 

Smith, World, iii. 503. 



Surrenders Prov- 
inces in the East 



f Bury, 493. 
Capes, Antonines, 53, 54. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 331, 332. 
Merivale, Gen 1 ! Hist., 531. 
Shepard, 188. 
Smith, World, iii. 502. 



82 



Roman History 



Hadrian's Wall in 
Britain 



Revolt of the 
Jews 



Liberality to Dif- 
ferent Religions. 



Mausoleum of 
Hadrian 



Early Training 
and Character 



The first of Roman 
statesmen, he con- 
ceived the idea of gov- 
erning the world as 
one homogeneous em- 
pire. — Smith 's Hist, 
of the World. 



(Bury, 501-503. 
Capes, Antonines, 55. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 343, 344, 347, 348. 
Merivale, Geni Hist., 532. 
Smith, World, iii. 503-505. 

Bury, 508, 509. 

Capes, Antonines, 75, 76. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 314-319. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 533. 

Shepard, 192. 

Smith, World, iii. 585, 586. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 373, 374. 
Smith, World, iii. 507. 

f Bury, 515, 516. 
Capes, Antonines, 74. 
Dennie. 285. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 382, 383. 
Merivale, GenU Hist., 535. 
Smith. Die. of G. and R. Antiquities, " Mau- 
soleum of Hadrian." 
Smith, World, iii. 508. 

Bury, 49 1 -493. 

Capes, Antonines, 51-53, 54, 63, 64, 72. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 323, 390-393. . 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 531, 535, 536. 

Shepafd, 187, 188, 193, 194. 

Smith, World, iii. 500-502, 509, 510. 



The Antonines 

Antoninus Pius 138-161 a.d. 

" The Second Numa " 

Allen 269 Leighton 464-466 Merivale Gen'l Hist. 537-541 

Merivale Sh. Hist. 326 328 Myers 139, 140 Pennell 195, 196 

shepard 195, 196 Smith Sm. Hist. 313, 314 Yonge 321 

Character f Burv, 523, 524, 528, 530, 531. 

He ong fn^toASS J Capes, Antonines, 77, 78, 83, 84. 
that might be formed j Merivale, Emp., vii. 395, 397-400, 407, 408. 
ot J^'- MarcusAur { Smith, World, iii. 511-513. 



The Empire The Five Good Emperors 83 



British Wall 



Bury, 525. 

Capes, Antonines, 100. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 400, 401. 
Smith, World, iii. 513. 



Asylum for ( • . 

Orphan Girls j Ca P es ' Antonmes, 7^ 



Marcus Aurelius 161-180 a. d. 



In the fulness of time philosophy was seated in his person on the throne. 
Capes 

Allen 269-273 Leighton 466-478 Merivale Sh. Hist. 328-331 
Myers 140 142 Pennell ig6, 197 Sheldon 217, 218 
Smith Sm. Hist. 314-316 Yonge 322, 323 



Troubles on the 
Frontiers 



Bury, 540, 541, 542-546, 549 

Capes, Antonines, 92-94, 99-101, 102, 104-108. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 453, 454, 455, 456, 460, 

466-468, 474, 475. 
Merivale, Gen 1 l Hist., 541-544. 
Shepard, 198-203. 
^ Smith, World, iii. 516, 517, 518, 519-521, 522. 



The Plague 



r Bury, 542. 
Capes, Antonines, 101, 102, 103. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 461-463. 
Merivale, Genl Hist., 542. 
Shepard, 199. 
Smith, World, iii. 518, 519. 



Persecution of 
Christians 



(Bury, 579, 580. 
Capes, Antonines, 147-15 1. 
Merivale, Emp., vii. 488-490. 
Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 546. 
Shepard, 205. 
Smith, World, iii. 519. 



8 4 



Roman History 



" Meditations " of 
Marcus Aurelius 

What, then, is that about 
which we ought to em- 
ploy our serious pains ? 
This one thing : just 
thoughts and social 
acts ; and words which 
never lie; and a tem- 
per which accepts 
gladly all that hap- 
pens. — Marcus Au- 
relius. 



Bury, 534, 535. 

Capes, Antonines, 117-131. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 490, 493, 494. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 545. 

Shepard, 204. 

Smith, World, iii. 516. 



Character 



Not Verus, but verissi- 
mus. — Hadrian. 

Severe to himself, indul- 
gent to the imperfec- 
tions of others, just 
and beneficent to all 
mankind. — Gibbon. 



Bury, 534. 

Capes, Antonines, 84, 85, 98, 115. 

Merivale, Emp., vii. 410-412, 475-477. 

Merivale, Genl Hist., 541, 544, 545. 

Shepard, 197, 198, 

Smith, World, iii. 514, 515. 



Delators 

Encouraged 
Love for the 

Arena 
Character 



Commodus 180-192 A.D. 



Allen, 273-275. 

Leighton, 479. 

Merivale, Gen'l Hist., 547-549. 

Merivale, Sh. Hist., 331, 332. 

Myers, 144, 145. 

Pennell, 198. 

Shepard, 207-213. 

Smith, Sin. Hist., 316. 

Smith, World, iii. 522-527. 

Yonge, 323, 324. 



The hopes raised by the virtues of five successive emperors were extinguished ; the 
purple, after one last attempt made by the senate to uphold its dignity, became again 
the soldiers' prize ; and the empire was finally launched on the headlong slope of rapid 
decline leading down to inevitable ruin. — Smith' 's Hist, of the World. 



Fiction : — 
Becker: G alius. (Life at Rome, 30 B.C.) 
Wallace: Ben Hur. (A tale of the Christ.) 
Graham: Neaera. ( Life at Capri, 30 a.d.) 
Ware: Julian, (Scenes in Judea in time of Tiberius, 14-37.) 



Fiction 85 

Mrs. Charles: The Victory of the. Vanquished. (Christians at Rome 

in times of Tiberius to Claudius, 14-41 a.d.) 
Eckstein: Nero. (Emperor Nero, 54-68 a.d.) 
Church: The Burning of Rome. (Times of Nero, 54-68 a.d.) 
Farrar: Darkness and Dawn. (Scenes in the Days of Nero, 54-68 

A.D.) 

Whyte-MelvillE: The Gladiators. (A tale of Rome from time of 

Vitellius to fall of Jerusalem, 69, 70 A.D.) 
Henty: For the Temple. (Fall of Jerusalem, 70 A.D.) 
Bulwer: Last Days of Pompeii, (a.d. 79.) 
Eckstein: Quintus Claudius. (Time of Domitian, 96 a.d.) 
Lockhart: Valerius. (Age of Trajan, 98-117 a.d.) 
Church: To the Lions. (Persecution of Christians, 112 a.d.) 
Ebers: The Emperor. (Hadrian, 117 a.d.) 
Ware: Zenobia. (Times of Aurelian, 270-275 A.D.) 
Emma Marshall : Number XLLL. (Persecution of Christians, 303 a.d.) 



86 



Roman History 



OUTLINE OF PERIODS OP ROMAN HISTORY 

From Earliest Times to Death of Commodus 



Regal Period 



( Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians 
Conquest of Italv 



The 
Commonwealth 



Foreign 
' Conquest 



First Punic War 
Second Punic War 
Macedonian and Syrian Wars 
Third Punic War 
k Spanish Wars 

The Gracchi 
Marius 
Sulla 

Mithridatic Wars 
Cicero and Catiline 



Civil 
Dissensions " 



First Triumvirate 



(Pompey 
Caesar 
Crassus 



(Antony 
Octavius 
Lepidus 



The Empire 



Outline of Periods 
Julian Emperors 

Claudian Emperors 



87 



Augustus 

Tiberius 

Caligula 

Claudius 
Nero 



{Galba 
Otho 
Vitellius 



Flavian Emperors 



P'ive Good Emperors 



The Antonines 



(Vespasian 
Titus 
Domitian 



Nerva 
Trajan 
Hadrian 

Antoninus Pius 
Marcus Aurelius 
Com modus 



INDEX 



A. 

Actium, 66. 

Aediles, Plebeian, 21. 

Aegatian Islands, 32. 

Agrarian Abuses, 47. 

Agricola in Britain, 77. 

Agrigentum, 30. 

Agrippina, 74. 

Allia, 23. 

Amphitheatre, Caligula patronizes, 73. 

Commodus patronizes, 84. 

Flavian, 78. 
Ancus Martius, 12. 
Antonines, the dynasty, 82. 
Antoninus Pius, 82. 
Antony, 64, 66. 
Appian Road, 28. 
Appius Claudius, Censor, 25. 

Decemvir, 22. 
Aqueduct, Claudian, 74. 
Aqueducts, 28. 
Arabia Petraea, 80. 
Arch of Titus, 77. 
Architecture of Augustan Age, 71. 
Ariovistus, 61. 
Asculum, 27. 

Asylum of Antoninus Pius, 83. 
Athens, 52, 53. 
Augustan Age, 71. 
Augustus, 69, 70, 71. 
Aurelius, Marcus, 83. 

B. 

Basilica Julia, 71. 
Beginnings of Rome, 9. 
Belgians conquered, 6r, 



Beneventum, Battle at, 27. 
Britain, Caesar invades, 61. 
Britain, Claudius conquers, 73. 
British Wall, 83. 
Burrhus, 74. 

C. 
Caesar, Caius Julius, 60, 61, 63. 
Caesars, The, 69. 
Caligula, 73. 
Camillus, 24. 
Campus Martius, 17. 
Cannae, Battle at, 35. 
Capitoleum, 13. 
Capri, Tiberius at, 72. 
Capua, Hannibal's Winter at, 35. 
Carthage, 29. 

Commercial Prosperity of, 42. 

Contrasted with Rome, 38. 

Destruction of, 43. 

Location and Defences of, 43. 

Spanish Policy of, 32. 

Troubles with Massinissa, 42. 
Catiline, Conspiracy of, 54. 
Cato, Marcus Portius, 43. 
Caudine Forks, Battle at, 26. 
Celtiberian War, 45. 
Censorship, 23. 

Censorship of Appius Claudius, 25. 
Census, Origin of, 15. 
Chaeronea, Battle at, 52, 53. 
Christ, Birth of, 70. 
Christ, Crucifixion of, 72. 
Christians, persecuted under Nero, 75. 

Persecuted under Trajan, 81. 
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 55, 65. 
Cimbri, War with, 49. 



Index 



89 



Cincinnatus, 21. 
Circus Maximus, 14. 
Citizenship, Rights of, 47. 
Civil Dissensions, 47. 
Claudian Aqueduct, 74. 

Harbor, 74. 
Claudius, Appius, Censor, 25. 

Decemvir, 22. 
Claudius, Emperor, 73, 74. 
Cleopatra, 66. 
Clients, 10. 
Cloaca Maxima, 14. 
Colonies, Grecian, 27. 

Military, 28. 
Colosseum, 78. 
Column of Trajan, 80. 
Comitia Centuriata, 15, 19. 

Curiata, 19. 

Tributa, 15, 19. 
Commodus, 84. 
Commonwealth, 18. 
Conquest of Jerusalem by Titus, jj. 
Constitution, Regal, 10. 
Conspiracy of Catiline, 54. 
Consul, 18. 

One a Plebeian, 24. 
Corinth, Destruction of, 42. 
Coriolanus, 21. 

Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 59, 60. 
Cunctator, Policy of, 35. 
Curia Hostilia, 12. 
Customs of Romans, 69. 
Cynoscephalae, Battle at, 40. 

D. 

Dacia, conquered by Trajan, 80. 
Decemvirate, 22. 
Delatores, 72, 79, 84. 
Dictator, 20. 

Dictatorship of Sulla, 52. 
Dictatorship of Valerius, 20. 
Domitian, 79. 

E. 
Early Constitution of Rome, 10. 
Education at Rome, 69. 
Empire, 69. 



F. 

Fabius, Quintus Maximus, 39 
Flavian Emperors, -jj. 
Fiction, 28, 46, 69, 84, 85. 
Fire of 64 a.d., 75. 
Foreign Conquest, 29, 45. 
Forum Romanum, 14. 

of Trajan, 80. 
Frontier Fortifications of Domitian, 79. 

Troubles of Marcus Aurelius, 83. 



Galba, 76. 

Gaul, Caesar conquers, 61. 

Revolt in Reign of Vespasian, 77. 
Gauls capture Rome, 23. 
Gens, Gentile System, 10. 
Germany, Caesar invades, 61. 

Claudius invades, 73. 

Revolts in Reign of Vespasian, -jj. 
Golden House of Nero, 75. 
Government, Form of, during Empire, 

69. 
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, 48. 

Tiberius Sempronius, 48. 
Greece, Final Subjugation of, 42. 
Grecian Colonies in Italy, 27. 

H. 

Hadrian, 81. 

Hadrian's Mausoleum, 82. 

Wall, 82. 
Hamilcar Barca, 31. 
Hannibal, 33, 36, 38. 
Hannibal's March over the Alps, 33. 
Harbor, Claudian, 74. 
Helvetians, conquered, 61. 
Heraclea, Battle at, 27. 
Horace, 71. 

" Horatius at the Bridge," 17. 
Household, Patriarchal, 9. 

I. 

Imperator, Caesar's Title, 62. 
Imperial Praefects, 70. 
Italy, Conquest of, 26. 



90 



Index 



J. 

Jerusalem, conquered by Titus, -jj. 
Jews, Revolt in Reign of Hadrian, 82. 
Jugurtha, War with, 49. 
Juvenal, 81. 



Latins, " Great " War with Rome, 26. 
Law of Majestas, 72. 
Laws, Hortensian, 25. 

Licinian, 24. 

Ogulnian, 25. 

Valerian, 20. 
Lepidus, 67. 

Literature of Augustan Age, 71. 
Livy, 71. 
Lusitanian Struggle, 44. 

M. 

Macedon, Final Subjugation of, 42. 

Hannibal negotiates with, 36. 
Macedonian Wars, 40, 41, 42. 
Magnesia, Battle at, 41. 
Majestas, Law of, 72. 
Mamertine Prison, 13. 
Manners and Customs, 69. 
Manners, affected by Foreign Conquest, 

46. 
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 39. 
Marcus Aurelius, 83, 84. 
Marius, Caius, 49, 50, 51. 
Mausoleum of Hadrian, 82. 
Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, 84. 
Messalina, 74. 
Messana, 29. 
Metaurus, Battle at, 36. 
Military Levy of Servius Tullius, 15. 
Military Organizations of Rome, 68. 
Military Operations along Danube and 

Rhine, 70. 
Mithridates, 54. 
Mithridatic Wars, 53, 54. 
Morals at Rome, 46. 
Munda, Battle at, 62. 
Mylae, Battle at, 30, 



N. 

Navy, First Roman, 30. 

Nepos, Cornelius, 71. 

Nero, 74, 76. 

Nerva, 79. 

Numa Pompilius, n. 

Numantia, Siege of, 45. 



Octavius, 67, 68. 

Optimates, 47. 

Orchomenus, Battle at, 52, 53. 

Orphan Asylum of Antoninus Pius, 83. 

Otho, 76. 

Ovid, 71. 

P. 

Pantheon, 71. 

Parthia, Trajan conquers, 80. 
Patriarchal Household, 9. 
Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, 42. 
Persecution of Christians, 75, 81, 83. 
Perseus, 41. 
Pharsalia, Battle at, 58. 
Philip V. of Macedon, 41. 
Philippi, 65. 

Philippics of Cicero, 65. 
Piraeus, Battle at, 52, 53. 
Pirates, 56. 
Plebeians, 10. 
Plebs, First Secession, 20. 
Final Secession, 25. 
Plague, 83. 
Pliny the Elder, 78. 

Younger, 81. 
Political Parties, 47. 
Pompey, 56, 57, 58. 
Populares, 47. 
Poppaea, 75. 
Praefects, 70. 
Praetorian Guard, 70. 
Praetorship, 24. 
Proscription of Nobles, 75. 
Provinces under Republic, 45. 

Tiberius, 72. 

Claudius, 73. 
Surrendered by Trajan, 81, 



Index 



9 1 



Pseudo- Philip, 42. 
Publius Cornelius Scipio Major, 39. 
Minor, 43. 
Public Squares of Augustus, 71. 
Punic Wars, 29, 32, 42. 
Result of First, 32. 

Second, 37. 
Pydna, Battle at, 41. 
Pyrrhus, 27. 

Q. 

Quaestorship, 20. 

Quintilian, 81. 

Quintus Fabius Maximus, 39. 



Rebuilding of Rome by Nero, 75. 
Regal Period, 9. 
Regillus, Battle at, 17. 
Regulus, 31. 
Religion, 11. 

Religious Toleration of Hadrian, 82. 
Republic established, 18. 
Revolt of Germany and Gaul in Reign of 
Vespasian, 77. 

Jews in reign of Hadrian, 82. 
Rivalry of Marius and Sulla, 51 

Antony and Octavius, 64. 
Roads, 28. 

Rome, Beginnings of, 9. 
Rome Supreme in Italy, 28. 
Rome builds first Navy, 30. 

Contrasted with Carthage, 38. 

Rebuilt by Nero, 75. 
Roman Manners and Morals, 46, 69. 
Roman Citizenship, 47. 
Romulus, 11. 
Rubicon, 61. 

S. 

Sacred Mount, 20. 
Saguntum, Siege of, 33. 
Sallust, 71. 

Samnite Wars, 26, 27. 
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, Major, 39. 
Minor, 43. 
Secession of Plebs, 20, 25. 



Sejanus, j2. 
Senate, 18. 
Seneca, 74. 

Sentium, Battle at, 27. 
Sertorius, 56. 
Servian Wall, 16. 
Servius Tullius, 15. 
Sicily, 36. 

Silver Age of Latin Literature, 81. 
Slave Labor, 45. 
Social War, 50. 
Spain, 32, 36, 44. 
Spartacus, 59. 

Struggle between Patricians and Ple- 
beians, 18. 
Sulla, 51, 52, 53. 
Sibylline Books, 16. 
Syracuse besieged, 36. 
Syrian War, 41. 

T. 

Tacitus, 81. 
Tarquinius Priscus, 13. 

Superbus, 16. 
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 13. 
Territorial divisions of Servius Tullius, 15. 
Teutons, 50. 
Thapsus, Battle at, 62. 
Tiberius, 72. 
Ticinus, Battle at, 33. 
Tigellinus, 75. 
Titus, Emperor, 78,. 

Arch of, j j. 
Trajan, 80. 

Trasimenus, Battle at, 34. 
Trebia, Battle at, 34. 
Tribunes of the Plebs, 21. 

Military, 22. 
Trifanum, Battle at, 26. 
Triumvirate, First, 56, 57. 

Second, 64, 65 
Tutors of Nero, 74. 
Tullus Hostilius, 12. 



V. 



Valerius, 20. 
Varus, 70. 



$2 



Index 



Vercingetorix, 61. 
Vergil, -ji. 
Vespasian, 77, 78. 
Vesuvius, Battle at, 26. 

Eruption of, 78. 
Via Appia, Flaminia, Sacra, Valeria, 28. 
Virginia, 22. 
Viriathus, 44. 
Vitellius, 76. 



Wall of Antoninus Pius in Britain, 
Hadrian in Britain, 82. 
Servius Tullius, 16. 

Weapons, 68. 



83. 



Z. 



Zama, Battle at, 37. 
Zela, Battle at, 61. 



(o* 



£ 



BD - 8 9. 



♦• <? ^ ->w> ** % -a 




*b V" 





-;'; 



»°-v 



1>«* 

^ -^ 




v v 



W 




i>->> 

^ % 



•> 









.f 



0' 




cr 



<*' ^ 



C> 




^v** 




A 



■b 







VV 






*0* 



<J- , o « o %$ 




•> 




«> •' ^ 

\ V . « *^ 

V s s ° ' ^ o 

,G* ^> *^.T* 4 A %> +< S ea t Cid ;. fiedusin g the Bookkeeper process 

o V 







NOV 



*. "^ p reservationTechnolog es 

Ht Thomson Park Drive 



Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724) 779-2111 






s *v 



$• o n o 



<, *'..«* ,0* 






■i, 



/Jfe\ *W* :<SM£: \^ ^ 











w 







A> 




*by 

















-^ 





1>"^ 

* ^ %• 





L ' * - O *^ o ° " a « <^K 




DOBBS BROS. n ^ 



LIBRARY BINDING 

H'lAN 7 






,0' 




A 



o v 



iC? <?» 



